Protein Synthesis Roles Of Dna Mrna Trna And Ribosomes

The DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid which is responsible for the storage and transmittance of genetic information thus enabling the preservation of genetic information from one generation to another. It is contained in the chromosomes which are a total of 46 in humans. The part of DNA responsible for protein synthesis is called a gene and it is only responsible for the synthesis of a single protein. The DNA is made up of two polynucleotide strands which are wound together forming a double helix in which the sugar and phosphate groups lie on the outside and the bases lie on the inside. During the transcription step of protein synthesis the DNA unwinds itself and one of its strands are used as a template to form an mRNA molecule which is complimentary to the specific DNA sequence and according to the DNA/RNA rules of base pairing. Some enzymes involved in this process are DNA Helicase, Topoisomerse, Ligase and gyrase. It is the DNA which carries the information for the synthesis of amino acids which make the proteins (Gameiro and Struhl, 2018). (171 words)

An RNA molecule is the different from a DNA molecule because it has the base Uracil and not Thiamine. It is the messenger RNA which carries information from the nucleus of the cell to the ribosomes. It is formed during the transcription stage of protein synthesis. It contains the sequence of codons which determine the order of amino acids in a protein. It takes part in the initiation step of translation whereby it binds to the ribosome (Merrick and Pvitt, 2018) (77 words)

This RNA molecule is responsible for the transportation of the correct amino acids to the ends of the peptide chain where protein synthesis is taking place. It contains the anticodons which help in deciphering the genetic information contained in the codons of the mRNA. It takes part in the elongation process of the translation step where there is formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids. In this step it is responsible for providing the next amino acid to be used. There is a specific tRNA for each amino acid (Schimmel, 2018) (91 words)

The ribosome is the site for the translation step of protein synthesis. It is made up of a set of proteins associating with ribosomal RNA. It is in the ribosomal RNA where the incoming mRNA from the nucleus binds. The ribosomal RNA is responsible for the proper alignment of both the ribosomes and the mRNA (Zhou et.al, 2015). It also plays an important role in catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between two amino acids which are aligned. This is enabled by the presence of catalytic activity on the ribosomal RNA. The ribosomes bind tRNA and other molecules which are important for the synthesis of proteins. The binding of the tRNA and mRNA on the ribosome complex increases the efficiency of translation by increasing the frequency of simultaneous collisions. This efficiency corresponds to the addition of about three to five proteins per second to the polypeptide chain. The ribosomes move along an mRNA strand during protein synthesis (Sanchez et.al, 2015). (154 words)

The process involves the extraction of human insulin from the pancreatic cells of a person. The insulin contains the insulin producing gene which is then isolated (Johnson, 1983). The extraction of the insulin producing gene is facilitated by the use of restriction enzymes which cut DNA at specific sites. This is followed by the extraction of a plasmid DNA from a bacterium. The isolated plasmid DNA is then cut using restriction enzymes resulting in the formation of a plasmid vector (Bollon, 2017). The human gene responsible for production of insulin is then inserted into the plasmid vector obtained from the bacterium using ligase enzymes resulting into the formation of a recombinant DNA of the gene responsible for the production of insulin. The recombinant DNA is then put into a bacterial cell thus forming recombinant bacterium. The recombinant bacteria are put in a fermentation tank where they are allowed to multiply as they produce insulin (Landschand and Kohlman, 1992). (150 words)

Downs syndrome is a chromosomal disorder which occurs when there is an error in cell division leading to the formation of an extra chromosome 21. Thus an individual with downs syndrome has 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46 chromosomes (Mathew et.al, 2017). (40 words)

The error in cell division which causes downs syndrome is nondisjunction. In the normal occurrence what happens is that when a cell divides, the chromosome pair is divided into two and one goes to one cell and the other goes to a different cell but in nondisjunction cell division an error occurs and both chromosomes go to the same cell and hence the other cell where one chromosome from the pair was supposed to go to remains without that chromosome (Alexandria et.al, 2018). This error occurs randomly and has not been associated to any behavioral or environmental factors in which the parents were exposed to. The error in cell division can occur during the formation of the egg and these accounts for the majority of the cases of downs syndrome (Santaguida, 2015). It can occur during the formation of the sperm and these accounts for 5% of the cases of downs syndrome. It can also occur after fertilization. The presence of an extra chromosome in cells is called trisomy and there are three types of chromosomal trisomy’s. Complete trisomy of chromosome 21 where nondisjunction cell division occurred during the formation of either sperm or egg and when these unite during fertilization all the resulting cells contain complete extra copy of chromosome 21. This is responsible for the highest number of cases of downs syndrome. Mosaic trisomy 21 which results when a normal egg and sperm unite during fertilization but nondisjunction cell division occurs during the early stages of development where some cells loose chromosome 21 leading to a situation where some cells have extra chromosome while other cells lack chromosome 21. Another trisomy is the Translocation trisomy of chromosome 21(Mathew et.al, 2017). (275 words)

Genetic test are tests carried out on an individual’s DNA in order to reveal changes in the genes which may pose a potential health hazard to the individuals (Green and Botkin, 2003). There are two types of genetic test these are diagnostic testing and presymptomatic and predictive testing (Greg et.al, 2016). Diagnostic testing is done when one is exhibiting sighns and symptoms which may have been caused by underlying genetic changes. This can help reveal if a person has a suspected disorder (Holtzman, 1999). Hunington’s disease and cystic fibroids are some of the genetic disorders that can be confirmed through diagnostic tests carried out on the individuals (Morton, 1959). Presymptomatic and predictive testing are employed when the family has a history of genetic disorders and hence one decides to carry out a genetic test even though they do not have any symptoms of the disorder, in order to determine if they are at risk of a disease. An example of presymptomatic and predictive testing can help identify some examples of colorectal cancer (Lindgyist et.al, 2018) (161 words)

Important ethical considerations on the use of CRIPR gene deletion technique are vast even though this technique was just invented in 2012. Some of these issues include 1. Safety under this consideration the question what if it doesn’t work as expected. (Reyes and Lnner, 2017) What if there is a resultant deletion of genetic information which is rather important and was not intended to be deleted. 2. The injustices that this can create in the society is another valid concern. Is it possible that this technique may only be available to the rich and wealthy who would use it to make their generations have advantages over other by for instance deleting any undesirable qualities in their generations or may result in some people just having a genetic advantage over others examples like having athletes whose performance is facilitated by “man –made “have an upper hand over the others (Bosley et.al, 2015). Another concern raised by the public is the question of consent. Can parents exclusively claim to be able to decide what the genetic information of their children would be and far much beyond to the offspring’s of their children and the extended generation. Is it possible that. It could be far much better could individuals be able to make decisions that affect themselves only and by themselves, but in the case of embryos they have no capacity to decide It is therefore important that these concerns be addressed before this methords can be implemented for use in human embryos (Fogleman et.al, 2016) (242 words)

References

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