Global Cultural Values and Practices in Cross-Cultural Leadership

Introduction

This research focuses on GLOBE and Hofstede’s approaches to discuss the global cultural values and practices of national culture. The theoretical implications and GLOBE measures are effective in this study in order to understand the cross cultural practices across the globe. Both the analyses are effective for understanding the cross cultural activities across the international nations along with the organisational culture and cross cultural leadership style. GLOBE develops central position and predicts the leadership style and organisational practice in the global culture (Javidan et al., 2006). Globe also provides strong evidence of the scales’ psychometric properties. There are different dimensions of Hofstede’s approaches such as short term and long term orientations Individualism Versus Collectivism, Uncertainty Avoidance Index, Indulgence Versus Restraint and Masculinity Versus Femininity. As per the discussion, GLOBE decided that it is time to move beyond the practice of Hofstede’s approach and to design constructs and scales, which are more comprehensive, cross-culturally developed, theoretically sound, and empirically verifiable for all the countries (Javidan et al., 2006). For students who are seeking business dissertation help, this research is going to provide a solid foundation for understanding the complexities of global cultural frameworks.

Theoretical approach of the paper

The theoretical approach of the paper is effective to develop clear understanding related to the research topic. The value-based approach in the GLOBE research program is effective to develop cross cultural activities. There is strong relationship between values and general behaviours of all members of the culture. The six cultural dimensions are power distance index (high versus low), individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, uncertainty avoidance index (high versus low), long- versus short-term orientation and indulgence versus restraint. Through these dimensions, it is possible to understand the cross cultural practice of different countries. The purpose of the GLOBE research program is to design and implement a multiphase and multi method program to examine the relationship between national culture, leadership effectiveness, and societal phenomena (Javidan et al., 2006). On the other hand, the Hofstede research aims to conduct a post hoc interpretation of the findings of a survey on employee morale.

Methodology

As per the methodology of this paper, the researchers focus on mixed method in order to analyse GLOBE and Hofstede’s approaches. GLOBE instruments are considered for psycho-logic reveals ignorance of psychometric methodologies designed to ensure scale reliability and construct validity. GLOBE scales are developed for multiple quantitative data analysis. Qualitative analysis is also being included in this study, and hence, the researchers utilise mixed method for comparing and contrasting the GLOBE method and Hofstede’s approaches. Q-sorts and translation/back-translation were conducted to assess any problematic items for cultural dimensions analysis (Javidan et al., 2006). Multilevel, multi-trait, multi-method confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are also utilised in this research for evaluating GLOBE scale (Javidan et al., 2006). The researchers examined the factor structure of the nine cultural practices scales. For evaluating relationship between these latent dimensions and the Hofstede scales, the five dimensions are considered and the GLOBE scale is also considered for analysing correlation.

Analysis and critical discussion

In the recent years, GLOBE theory and the Hofstede scales are important to understand the cross cultural activities across the international countries. The different types of dimensions have its impacts on the cross cultural practices and along with this; the leadership styles are also changing over time as per the cross cultural activities. Societal health and human development are also influenced by the cross cultural, activities (Tung and Stahl, 2018). As per the findings, there is significant relationships between the global CLT dimensions and dimensions of societal cultural values and apart from that, the internal organisational culture is also influenced by the leadership theories and practices depending on the demographic background and country culture. Their personality attributes, and behaviours sufficiently match the observer’s beliefs about the leadership practice and the perceived leader follow the cross cultural practice along with different dimension to manage diverse team members in the organisation (Javidan et al., 2006). Hereby, the cross cultural research and activities provide an overview of diverse dimensions to manage cross cultural activities and promote equality.

A performance oriented society can prosper and as a result, it can better educate the people who will contribute more to their societies and organisations (Javidan et al., 2006). The relationships among wealth, national culture, and other archival variables are so inter connected that they cannot be easily isolated, and cause and effect relationships, although intuitively appealing, though it is hard to verify. The economic factors and demographic background also have significant impacts on the cultural activities and practice. Attitudes, values, and beliefs are sometimes collectively referred to as ‘culture’ that plays an unquestioned role in human behaviour and progress (Gerhart and Fang, 2005). This is evident that, working in nations, states, regions, inner cities, and companies at widely varying stages of development is effective where suitable cross cultural activities further reshape the practice and lead the people towards achieving future success by maximising their contribution. Hence, culture plays an important role in shaping the economic progress of a society, developing good working environment and maximise equality.

Brief summary of the paper

The research is fruitful to identify different dimensions of GLOBE theory and Hofstede’s approaches in order to develop cross cultural leadership and good corporate governance for running the operations and social activities in a systematic way by managing diverse people (Javidan et al., 2006). It is a multilevel analysis because GLOBE scales were completed by multiple individuals nested within each society and multi-level analysis further help to include diverse social communities and different cultural people for analysing cross cultural leadership. The largest amount of variance combines uncertainty avoidance, future orientation, in-group collectivism, performance orientation, and gender egalitarianism which provide in depth understanding about personal values and dignity of the individuals (Javidan et al., 2006). There is strong relationship between national wealth and culture, on the basis of which, the cross cultural leadership is being developed to manage multi-cultural people across diverse social communities. It is important to give values to each culture, and understand their behaviours and working practice in order to lead the people towards achieving the success and maximise their contribution towards the society (Moore, 2020). Cross cultural activities are hereby essential to manage the diverse people around the globe, where the leaders become efficient to manage country culture on the basis of its values, belief and practices by promoting equality and diversity.

Merits and shortcomings of the study

The research is effective for exploring the relationship between GLOBE dimensions and Hofstede’s approaches, where the researchers utilise multivariate methods for analysing the cross cultural activities across the globe. The cross cultural leadership and Hofstede’s approaches are evaluated in order to develop good practice to manage diverse culture and create good corporate governance. The correlation and GLOBE scale are also other advantages of this study to draw conclusion. There is some shortcoming, which are lack of theoretical framework and background of the study, for which it may raise difficulties for the future researchers to understand the study and the practice in terms of GLOBE dimensions and Hofstede’s approaches. Additionally, the discussion and findings are not represented in a systematic way which leads to confusion about the project summary. It would be beneficial if the researchers represent the discussion clearly with a short summary so that the researchers can understand the findings of the study easily. The other studies such as National culture and human resource management: assumptions and evidence and Multiple interpretations of “national culture” and the implications for International business: The case of Taiwan is effective to represent national culture to run the organisation by developing good corporate governance and cross cultural leadership style. Through this paper, it is hereby possible to develop in depth understanding about the cultural activities across diverse countries and the researchers in future can conduct more researchers on the GLOBE scale for analysing the cultural diversity cross the globe.

Reference List

Gerhart, B., and Fang, M., 2005. National culture and human resource management: assumptions and evidence, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16:6, 971-986, DOI: 10.1080/09585190500120772.

Javidan, M., House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W. Hanges, P. J., and Luque, M. S. D., 2006. Conceptualizing and measuring cultures and their consequences: a comparative review of GLOBE’s and Hofstede’s approaches. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 897–914.

Moore, F., 2020. Multiple interpretations of “national culture” and the implications for International business: The case of Taiwan. Journal of World Business, 55(5), p.101128.

Tung, R.L. and Stahl, G.K., 2018. The tortuous evolution of the role of culture in IB research: What we know, what we don’t know, and where we are headed. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(9), pp.1167-1189.