Electronics Circuits and Devices

Introduction

Electronics can be encountered everywhere including in cars, homes and even on people’s bodies. The introduction of electronics largely aims at the fundamental performance of the devices and circuits at the same time. The central focus is, however, placed on the operational characteristics linked to the amplifier circuits, oscillators, the types as well as the effects of the feedback in the light of the circuit performance. The central aim of this experiment, therefore, focuses on establishing the operational characteristics linked to the amplifier circuit, determine the types and performance of each and examine the application of the oscillators, and lastly delving into testing procedures of electronics devices and circuitry. A number of observations could be made across the experiments.

Characteristics of Amplifier Circuits

Several experiment were conducted to determine operational characteristics of amplifier circuits, and type and effects of feedbacks performance of a given amplifier. The research first required performance of the practical as well as virtual tests on the available amplifier before commenting on the results and the errors. It was also important to determine the performance of frequency against gain or vice versa. Operations amplifiers are classified based on property of the output (voltage, current, and power) or depending on the portion of wave amplified (Class A, Class B, and Class AB). The classes in categorizing the amplifiers significances gain factor (linearity), in this case, class A amplifiers used in high power applications despite having low signal applications. On the other hand, class B amplifiers are common for half-cycle signaling with higher efficiencies ranging between 75% and 78.5% compared to Class A that have a full cycle. Therefore, the amplifier type is purpose based on input and output signal characteristics such as amplitude, current, voltage, power, and gain. Such characteristics as bandwidth, noise, gain, linearity, stability, skew rate, and efficiency are fundamental aspects give different application and efficiency of amplifiers. The investigation further revealed that classification of Harley oscillators are largely determined by tuned circuit that are commonly used in detection of radio frequencies. Other examined oscillators types include multiwave used mostly in sending and receiving vibratory signal, Armstrong oscillator (used to produce magnetic oscillations), RC Phase shift oscillator, and Meisner oscillator. Like other electronics devices, it was found that characteristics that include peak (voltage, current), power, and operating temperature of electronic devices such as diodes (Zener, Rectifier), transistors, operational amplifier, and oscillators determine it respective application and fundamental in identification.

Types and Effects of Feedback on an Amplifier’s Performance

Secondly, the experiment required the performance of the practical and the virtual tests before introducing a graph of the response of the CE emitter. With the help of Multisim, the experiment required to carry out tests on the transistor amplifier circuit, oscillators, the power supply circuit, transistor, diodes and other significant circuits. Furthermore, the examination further yield an understanding on ways difference amplifiers operate based on input and output characteristics, for instance, the suitability of inverting amplifiers in DC scenario is driven by better linear characteristics compared to non-inverting. In oscillators, an electronic circuit that outputs a continuous alternating waveform, the feedback signal can either be positive of negative based advantages offered to bandwidth, distortion, and noise, where positive feedback results in increased output while negative causes output to reduce both set to stabilize output of a system. It was observed that negative feedback signal has a dampening effect and causing decreasing influence on and instability of the output. However, such negative feedback improves gain stability, linearity, step response, and frequency response.

Operation and Application of Oscillators

Thirdly, other requirements focused more on the types of oscillators, their applications, and the capacity to carry out the practical and virtual test in the course of determining the performance of the oscillators. The investigation into operational amplifiers borne an insight into Class Ab amplifiers, which take into account the advantages and weaknesses held by both the classes A and B. In this class, the crossover distortion and efficiency range are combined. The operational amplifiers widely known as intergraded circuits have negative and positive input with a high-gain single output whereas the non-inverting amplifier produces an amplified output signal that is in phase with input.

Testing Procedures to Electronic Devices and Circuits

Investigation into the testing procedures of such devices as diodes, transistors, operational amplifiers, power supply circuit, transistor amplifier, and oscillators was carried out. In testing electronics devices and circuits, it was noted the importance of noting and taking into account the peak variables (power, voltage, current, and resistance), characteristics of devices. Importantly, electronic devices have a distinct procedural framework designed in line with the characteristics and it is imperative to follow in entirety. For a rectifier diode, when the forward is 100 M ohms and the reverse circuitry measures same 100 M ohms, then the circuit is deemed faulty. For a Zener diode, when Vz is 6.8 and Vs is 12V, the circuitry is in its normal functioning mode. For an operational amplifier that has a normal working circuit, pin number 7 and 4 would take +15V and -15V respectively. Pin number 1, 3 and 6 would have no voltage across them and the input signal would be 1V. The output signal would be roughly 4.7V based on the experimental values. For the transistor amplifier, the gain would stand at 125 when one has test point 1, 2 and 3 with 2.02V, 1.37V and 7.6V respectively. Based on these figures, it can be established that the circuitry in most of the amplifiers is believed to be either adjustable or not depending the use or the purpose of the amplifier. The involved bandwidth would equally rely on the use, which can either be narrow or wide depend on the requirements (Zoiros, 2018). It is worth noting that the input resistance can generally be low. Same observations could be realized in a range of amplifiers that adopt almost similar features. Oscillators equally apply almost the same principle.

Conclusion

Based on the experiments that were conducted, it could be established that that regardless of the type of the amplifier, most of them have a range of the common characteristics. Most of them are used in increasing the amplitude of either current or voltage. Most of them would increase the significant amount of power which is availed from the AC signal. Amplifiers would fall in either power, current or the voltage category. At the same time, most of the oscillators have a general use. Oscillators would always make use of a sensitive amplifier that has its output which is substantially fed back to the entire input.

Continue your journey with our comprehensive guide to Effects of E Learning.

References

Zoiros, K.E., 2018. Special issue on applications of semiconductor optical amplifiers.

Boylestad, R.L. and Nashelsky, L., 2012. Electronic devices and circuit theory. Prentice Hall.

Rashid, M.H., 2010. Microelectronic circuits: Analysis & design. Cengage learning.

Sedra, A.S., Smith, K.C., Carusone, T.C. and Gaudet, V., 2016. Microelectronic circuits. New York: Oxford University Press.

Christiansen, D., Alexander, C.K. and Jurgen, R.K., 2005. Standard handbook of electronic engineering. McGraw Hill Professional.