Report on the Use of Animals in Scientific Studies

Introduction:

Literature review is one of the most important steps in any research in which researcher makes systematic review of the entire secondary resources that are collected from authentic source. The report is going to make a report on the overall literature search which is done already based on the topic, using animals in scientific study. The report determines proper result of the entire literature search and analyses whether the results are associated with assisting researcher to meet the research objectives. In addition to this, the report will discuss the overall methodology that is used in conducing the entire research. With using proper resources, the report will analyse the funding of the database that are collected from the chosen secondary resources. Finally, the report will make a self-reflection overview, in which the researchers is going to discuss personal learning and knowledge development throughout the research.

Literature search result:

As mentioned by Able et al. (2017), literature search I the process that assists researcher to find out relevant resources that will provide the authentic database on the overall research. Here, in this research the researcher has used systematic method of literature search in terms of selecting the relevant as well as authentic database that are assisted the researcher to meet the research objective. While selecting relevant resources, the researcher has used PRISMA tool. As mentioned by PRISMA tool is one of the most preferable tools for researchers which assist them to choose the relevant as well as authentic articles, journal and text books out of hundreds of resources. Here the researcher has done the literature in four major steps through using PRISMA tool. The steps are, identification screening, eligibility and inclusion.

In the first step, researchers have identified 450 articles by using the database searching and 10 additional records by using other sources. Therefore, total 460 articles are identified by the researcher in the first step of literature search. As mentioned by Willison et al. (2016), the greater number of articles will be identified by the researchers the more numbers of relevant articles can be find out finally though using PRISMA tool. After identification of total 460 articles, researcher has gone through the screening process, in which duplication of articles are removed. In this process, the researcher has checked that whether there are same articles are taken more than once. After removing duplicate articles, the number of articles that are selected by the researcher are 230. Again, screening process is done, in which the irrelevant articles are removed from the list. After the removal the number of screened articles that are selected are 70. After the screening process, eligibility test is conducted by the researcher in which the 60 articles out of 70 articles are exclude from the list due to the irrelevant title, lack of proper information and lack of proper abstract. Therefore, there are now 10 eligible articles that are selected through the eligibility test. After excluding the full text articles that cannot be accessed or downloaded, the final number of articles thar are included in selection list are 3.

PRISMA tool

Methodology:

Secondary research methods is used in this research, in which researcher has used secondary resources such as articles, journals, textbooks and magazines in term of collecting the relevant information. As mentioned by Rowland et al. (2020), secondary research is associated with gathering qualitative database which will assist researcher to get the comprehensive information regarding the research topic. Through conducting secondary research in this study, the research has collected secondary information which has assisted the researcher to use evidence-based information that is proved to be helpful in meeting research objectives. In this context, John (2018) argued that, the overall secondary research although provides comprehensive information to researcher sometimes researchers face difficulties in conducting secondary research. In this research, the researcher has faced issue while conducting the secondary research methodology, such as limitation of fund and time. There are many articles and journals that are paid, therefore cannot be accessed by the researcher due to insufficiency of fund. In addition to due to time limitation, the researcher was unable to include many secondary resources such as government articles, field report and current online magazine, which needs huge times to read, analyse and implement in the research in proper manner. Another issues that researcher has faced in conducting secondary research is, sort out relevant resources out of large number of resources that are collected by using database sech engine. As mentioned by John (2018), the researcher needs to consider some important aspects while conducting secondary research method such as prioritise the relevance of entire content of research articles to research topic and accessibility of available resources. While conducting the secondary research method, researcher has maintained proper ethical consideration in research in term of assuring the integrity of entire research. In the research method, researcher has assured that all the resources are collected from genuine source. Before accessing the articles and text books and journal the researchers has infirmed the publishers of these resources about main purpose of data collection. In addition to this, the researcher also assured that all data that are collected from secondary resources are used in academic purpose but not in commercial purpose. In addition to this, it can be stated that the research method assists researchers in collecting relevant secondary database that are relevant to the research topic. PRISMA tool assist researcher to select only te authentic as well as relevant articles in terms of meeting research objectives.

Discussion:

This section the overall discussion of the content collected from t secondary resources. As stated by Wilmore and Willison (2016), to discuss the overall content of secondary resources it is important for researcher to analyse and determine the important theories and information that are used in research paper to meet the research objectives. The literature search has made a clear discussion on using animal in scientific study. With using evidence-based information, research articles and books that are selected by researcher have sated that, in Britain animal ate used in scientific with maintaining all the ethical and moral guidelines. Based on the overall discussion, it can be stated that in Britain animals need to cared and loved in proper manner so there I no chances of their harm or health insecurity. In this context Sinha (2018), N mentioned that, in UK, using animal in the scientific research is common aspect which assures that all the animals that are used in the research will be safe from any types of malpractices and health harm. Selected literature also stated that animal, if used in the scientific research in proper manner can enhance success of humanitarian process.

In the first literature, animal welfare in discussed with using proper evidences. The literature has mentioned that, management of animal care in the scientific research is associated with 3R process such as replacement, reduction and refinement. In t replacement process, the replacement of animal with other objectives are mentioned. As mentioned by Gyuris (2018), replacement process sometimes makes obligation on researcher on conducting researches on using animal to ensure the safety and health of the animal in research. In case of the second R, the reduction, it is stated that, researcher needs to focus on reducing the number of animals using in their research. The third R, the refinement, leads t minimisation of the suffering and pain of animal in the research study. Teh first literature has mentioned that, only the utilitarian perspective makes support to use of animals in scientific research. On the contrary John (2018), argued that sometimes the restriction in using animals into the research study, pose adverse impact on the success of research in which researcher cannot meet the research objectives due to having lack of practical evidences. On the other hand, the second literature has mentioned the reason behind using animals in scientific researches. In addition to this, lithe second literature also stated that, in the UK animals is used only in medical researchers in terms of testing any medicine. Ion the other hand, using of animal is strictly prohibited in researches on cosmetics. As mentioned by Gyuris (2018), in the medical researchers while testing any medicines, mammals are the only animals that can be used in laboratory. The second literature stated that needs to take the proper v permission from the UK government in terms of using the animals in medicines testing process. In this context, the UK government will analyses and evauate purpose behind using animals in labs, after than the government will give permission, . As stated by Sekaran and Bougie (2016) although mammals are used in medicines testing process, the researchers need to comply with all the three Rs and the legislative guidelines associated with using animals in safe manner. Third literature has mentioned the culture of care for animals in the UK. In this context Srikoon et al. (2016) mentioned that, animals need to be cared in positive and caring culture which will promote the health and wellbeing of these animals. The resources have stated that, the health and wellbeing a are prioritized in the UK while they are used in clinical testing methods. In addition this the third literature has also stated that the researcher need to assure that animals thar are used in laboratory are provided with proper positive culture such as foods , popper health checkup and heathy living condition is provided to them in terms of accessing their safety in the lab. From the overall discussion by the three selected literature it can be stated that, literature review has prioritized the animals care and their safety in any research process conducting in UK. In addition, this the literatures also mentioned that how the researcher will comply with all the guidelines as well as legislation that are associated with protection as well as safety of animals.

Findings:

From the overall finding it is seen that. The literature has mentioned that researchers while using animals in their research would comply with all guidelines such as the three Rs, replacement, reduction and refinement. In addition to this, the animals that are used in the laboratory will be care and loved properly. From analysing findings of the literature that are collected by researcher, it can be stated that, that, the researcher will assayer the health and safety of animals while using them in the laboratory. In addition, that, in the UK< only mammals are permitted to be used in medicine testing process. IN the UK animals cannot be used by any cosmetic company for their research. The overall research also find out that, the animals who are selected for the research would be provided with loving and caring culture, proper food mad shelter.

Reflection on own learning:

The literature search has enhanced my understand about how to conduct any research in effective manner. In addition to this, the literature search has enhance my knowledge on outlining the research aims, objectives and research questions that are the main aspects before conducting any researches. The research method assisted me to gather proper knowledge of different types of research method that can be used by researchers. Finally, the research has improved my understanding about selecting and using relevant database in proper manner that will ensure the integrity and authenticity of research. Through conducting the research, I am able to develop my understanding on how to use PRISMA tool in collecting relevant research papers but will assist me to meet the research objectives. The research has improved my knowledge in different types of data collection process such as primary and secondary, which will make m able tom use the concept in further study. In addition the through conduiting the research I am able o develop my knowledge on how to make data analysis after collecting the database which assist researcher to meet the research objectives.

Reference list:

Able, A., Doerflinger, F. and Loveys, B., 2017, August. Mentor Role in research skill development of second year plant science undergraduates. In Proceedings of The Australian Conference on Science and Mathematics Education (formerly UniServe Science Conference) (p. 6).

Willison, J. and Buisman-Pijlman, F., 2016. PhD prepared: research skill development across the undergraduate years. International Journal for Researcher Development.

Rowland, N.J., Knapp, J.A. and Fargo, H., 2020. The collaborative book review as an opportunity for undergraduate research skill development. Higher Education Research & Development, pp.1-14.

John, W., 2018. Research skill development spanning higher education: Critiques, curricula and connections. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 15(4), p.1.

Croy, W.G. and Willison, J., 2017. Research skill development in tourism. In Handbook of Teaching and Learning in Tourism. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Sanders, P., Davis, D., Moore, C.L. and Manyibe, E.O., 2017. New Knowledge About Research Capacity Building: An Autoethnographic Approach to Understanding Skill Enhancement Strategies for Minority Researchers With Disabilities. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 31(3), pp.253-271.

Wilmore, M. and Willison, J., 2016. Graduates’ attitudes to research skill development in undergraduate media education. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 26(1), pp.113-128.

Sinha, G.R., 2018. Innovation and research skill for knowledge-based economy of Myanmar. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management.

Gyuris, E., 2018. Evaluating the effectiveness of postgraduate research skills training and its alignment with the Research Skill Development framework. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 15(4), p.5.

Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016. Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Willison, J., O'Regan, K. and Kuhn, S.K., 2018. Researcher Skill Development Framework (US English Edition).

Srikoon, S., Bunterm, T., Nethanomsak, T. and Ngang, T.K., 2016. Construct Validity and Measurement Invariance of the Research Skill Inventory. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), pp.366-366.

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