A Focus on Business Ethics Sustainability

Introduction

Background of the study

There is an increasing concern prevailing on the influence of operational strategy upon social and environmental problems. Business ethics is one form of ethics that reviews the progress and principle of business that takes place; unfortunately, in industry. Social and ecological imperatives are stated as essential for economic performance (Unido.org., 2015). Although the sustainability performances drive the firms, less consideration is needs on the strategic sustainability role of the operation managers, which is crucial for students seeking business dissertation help. There is a higher need to reveal the operational, strategic policies, actions, and activities that reflect the responsibility of the business to attain business ethics. The change in the concept of marketing has enhanced the competitiveness, whereby it has become essential for the employees to be flexible and adapt CSR in the work environment (Bansal, Gao & Qureshi, 2018). Due to change in a business environment, it is difficult for the organization to acknowledge the factors and problems which assist in meeting the challenges linked with operational management. There are various issues like plant layout, equipment selection, as well as project management, which come under the tactical part of operation management. Manager reviews all the data effectively to attain effective results. By that, several CSR management activities give support upon the distinctive competences to achieve operational objectives like highest quality, best dependability, enhanced flexibility, and lower costs. Such actions performed by the functional managers develop link wherein there are mainly four operational strategy namely green supply chains, reverse logistics, green operations, and also green goods and services, which have a direct link with CSR performance(De Jong, Paulraj & Blome, 2016).

Operational management-it is the management process that deals with controlling, designing, and manufacturing of the goods and services.

Corporate social responsibility-it is a concept that provides a vision to the business to protect the environment and provide better services to employees, society, community, and consumers. The objective of this study is

to provide a literature review focus on operation strategy and corporate social responsibility

To analyze the CSR issues in the strategic operation management

Structure of the study

This study will examine the associated CSR problems which affect the operation managers during the time of administration. This study will explain how strategic operation management techniques and strategy could assist in solving the issues and attain the required results. This study demonstrates the investigation using real case study analysis, showcasing the critical problems faced by the company in strategic, operational management.

Methodology

To conduct a systematic literature review, the researcher has defined specific criteria and boundaries to have a useful research study. The report has generated protocol to acknowledge, identify, and review literature linked with a question. This literate has incorporated three planning stages, which include identification of research objectives, conduction literature review and analysis, and lastly, summarizing the whole study. The structured literature reviews which were present within operation management strategy and corporate social responsibility had illustrated an objective evaluation of these approaches to establish main themes and dimensions. This study also demonstrated the benefits which need to be given to enhance future research. Systematic and objective review upon the operation strategy and corporate social responsibility were reviewed, wherein most of the relevant inquiry is included in this study. Since operation management is a vast subject, so this search was centered and focused on social corporate responsibility and operation strategy. This study has applied the case study of Coca-Cola and Wal-Mart to analyze the CSR issues faced by both the company and its impact on the operational plan of the company.

Literature Review

The term SOS was searched in the Global ProQuest and all search fields, which generated the output of 7012 hits. However, the SOS term was then searched along with the title of the article and keywords, which further declined the results lists to 100. A search which was done upon the Corporate social responsibility and sustainability led to 2000 results wherein title search dropped the effect to just 33 hits. In this paper, by the usage of restricted search criteria, 20 articles were selected for the review.

Corporate Social Responsibilities

CSR is one of the essential components in the overall corporate strategy of an organization. It can be inconsistent as it is linked with profit and social and environmental objectives. For instance, the company connected with the tobacco industry sells those products, which is addictive and deadly. Moreover, auto and oil company emits out environmental pollutants and toxins, which not only hamper individuals but even affects the other species. Thus, the main motive of corporate social responsibility is to enhance the awareness of environmental, social, and human challenges and put pressure on the organization to accept policies and procedures. It also focusses on the essentiality of declining the practices which harm the working of the organization (Bewley and Li, 2015).

Apart from considering ethics, a shortage of adequate corporate social responsibility initiatives in operation could minimize the profitability and market share. An organization should review future CSR problems in its process and should apply strategic operation strategy in its process. Although CSR is growing its importance in the modern environment, it is not easy to explain due to complexity. ISO 26000 standards upon the social responsibilities illustrate that commitment given by the business to act ethically and provide a contribution in economic development wherein enhancing the quality of life of the workforce, families, society, and local community(Cho, Michelon, Patten and Roberts, 2015).

There is the various reason for application of the CSR, which includes effective in providing long-term financial output and assist in removing wastage in the process of manufacturing. It also helps in the recruitment and retention of the employees and can attract customers, which enhances the brand value and reputation. Moreover, CSR initiatives also present unique mechanisms to address the challenge in the business enterprise. There is an agreement that reveals that CSR initiatives and performance are coupled strategically in business functions, mainly operational management. It had been analyzed that CSR enhances financial performance and increase sales along with customer loyalty.

Nonetheless, there are various criticisms which are seen against CSR (Abernathy, J. & et al., 2017). There are multiple dimensions made towards attaining CSR excellence, which is neglected by the business firms. As time fades, the company stops giving concentration on CSR and gives attention to other activities that hamper its operation.

Operation management and Operation strategy

Operation management is any activity that is linked with designing, monitoring production, manufacturing process, and re-designing the operation of a business for goods and service production. It possesses the management of types of machinery, technologies, information, and other various resources. Operation management plays a significant role in a company that maintains strategy, tactical and operational levels. Managing operations assist in the elimination of wastage and support and helps in contributing to profitability. Executive management gives not only tangible benefits but also provides intangible benefits such as an increase in the brand image of the product. Effective operation management attracts a more significant number of customers and leads to development and economic growth. Further, it also provides benefits to rage employees as they are given higher payments, which makes them motivates and stay loyal to the company (Yu, Kuo, and Kao, 2017).

Operations strategy is the decision that directs the long-term ability of the operation of the company along with its contribution to the whole plan through On-going reconciliation of the requirement of market and operational resources. It is even termed as an academic discipline and competitive differentiator in the business firms. As per Bewley and Li (2015), operations management and corporate strategy possess a direct link wherein activities of the company could lead to influence business performance. He even stated that the strategic planning process is highly essential to attain profitability wherein one needs to cover various functional efforts such as Costs, flexibility, speed, quality, dependability, and also product differentiation to achieve competitive advantage(Landrum and Ohsowski, 2017).

During the 60s, the corporate strategies and business were linked with marketing and financial performance wherein the main aim of the operations management was to implement every system and process to attain competitive advantages. However, in the present context, competitive priority is given upon the synergistic and attainable areas, which enhanced the performance of one by improving the other. Moreover, the primary concern of operational strategy was the reconciliation of the requirement of the market with different operations strategic decisions like process technology, capacity, structure, and supply network. Thus, it can be stated that operational strategy has its link with the transformation process, long term, and capabilities of the organization. In respect of reconciliation, a framework is developed, which acknowledges the dynamic relations that determine strategic operation strategy considerations and explain the reconciliation model (Landrum and Ohsowski, 2017).

Importance Of Corporate Social Responsibility To Sustainability

Sustainability is one of the approaches to manage an organization that is linked with the creation and maximization of long-term social, economic, and environmental values. It had been analyzed that business sustainability and CSR are connected wherein sustainability is attained when an organization explores and resolves the social and ecological issues of the organization in an effective manner (Wang and Gao, 2016).

Corporate Social Responsibility is one of the essential factors in attaining company’s reputation and public image. As per the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, CSR is the commitment by the business to achieve economic development to enhance the quality of life of employees, their families, and the community and society. It is a deliberate strategy that possesses social, economic, and ecological aspects of a business that helps in dealing with the environment and attain sustainability. When an organization uses CSR, then they ethically commit a market for economic growth and development; however, this approach is not only limited to profits but has also aimed to attain non-economic activities that affect the company's function and acknowledge the quality. Since business actions and events have effects on the whole society, entrepreneurs should take such activities into consideration, along with social values and objectives. CSR is a view not just for the personal interest of company but also to take social responsibility for social matters into consideration (Bewley and Li, 2015).

As per the survey being conducted by the Telegraph spark and Brother UK, only 16% of the leaders of the business have stated that CSR was their top 3 business concern. Since present customers have started reviewing the background of the company along with their organization’s social and environmental concerns, the business must pay significant attention to the Corporate social responsibilities. It has been analyzed from the consultancy firm Fleishman Hillard Fishburn’s 2019 Authenticity gap study for the attitude of consumers towards CSR that 59% of the customers expect the forms to deal with environmental, social, and climatic issues (Sviesa and Alfreda, 2015).

It is analyzed that CSR has become one of the standard business practices wherein those companies who are committed to CSR enhance their reputation at a higher extends. The development of the CSR strategy, which is even termed as a sustainability strategy, is essential for the company to attain a competitive advantage. There is the close collaboration of CSR with the stakeholders, which implies that those organization which possesses lesser interest upon the sustainability strategy could not attract a more significant number of stakeholders. According to 2015 study done by Kenexa High-Performance Institute in London, those organization which possesses genuine commitment upon the CSR have attained average return on assets by 19 times higher than the one who has not applied CSR (Habas, 2018).

It is reviewed that to attain business sustainability, waste reduction, and innovative development of the brand as well as supporting community projects are some of the CSR practices initiated by the company. This assists the organization in attaining recognition and sustainability. It also helps the company to bring changes in cost-saving activities and durability, such as lesser usage of packaging that decline the production costs and attain higher profits. CSR has a direct impact on the performance of the company because of social and environmental factors, so it leads to provide competitive advantage and sustainability in an organization. This is the reason that in the present context, the company have started posting their feeds and posts upon a sustainable system to attain more considerable attention from the stakeholders. CSR not only brings sustainability outside the organization but also helps in spreading positivity in the workplace and encourage professional growth (Hummel and Schlick, 2016).

Impact of CSR on Strategic operation management

CSR is also one of the major issues linked with operational management strategy. Although CSR always arrives and is adopted by the business to enhance their ethical business process. However, the new situation has led to increasing issues due to CSR because of its increased influence on the operational strategy in environmental and social issues. Social and ecological imperatives are more essential than economic performance as CSR tends to enhance the vision of business accountability. Although organizations get driven because of the increase in their sustainability performance, very fewer efforts are given on the role of operations management on strategic sustainability (Sviesa and Alfreda, 2015). Corporate social responsibility entails companies to behave in a socially viable manner and tends to deal even with other business organization which follows the CSR. Since the public sectors, as well as businesses, are attaining awareness regarding Corporate social responsibility, higher consideration is given to CSR while planning for future else businesses face negative feedback, which hampers the brand image of the company. There are many companies which are appeared to be socially responsible wherein they are showcasing environmental saving and sustainability of the environment. However, on the other hand, they are performing immoral and illegal activities and spreading wrong messages to the stakeholders and investors and consumers. Such CSR activities have negative impacts upon the image and credibility of the company and influence the market image (. Although, CSR is also introduced to bring ethical progress the operational manager of a company who doesn't employ CSR have to face lots of issues as recent stakeholders give preferences to only those company who are ethically positive and possess higher responsibility towards the society(Hummel and Schlick, 2016).

Issues of CSR in Strategic Operations Management

When the globalization tends to be in place, the natural methods of the earth tends to alter local issues into international issues. There is a development of global commercial activities as well. It can be revealed that some of the communities are not at all touched by environmental issues as well as social issues. Being one of the most significant elements of human society, there is a need for the business world to take in more responsibilities by the consumers as well as the community. The CSR tends to grab increasing attention from different sectors of society and is one of the main issues that cannot be ignored by anyone (Healy et al., 2015). CSR needs to be considered as an issue that can be easily created by developing a synergy between distinct functions of the company. Be it the development of the product concepts to manufacturing or delivery of the goods and services to the recycling of the waste, each step in the method might possess an influence on the company deciding to become a socially responsible one. It is because of this reason; operation management can be one of the main elements of CSR discussion. It can be revealed the principles related to operation management along with CSR tends to possess different factors in a standard such as minimization of the waste as well as energy-saving, the old vision of cutting down the cost(Bewley and Li, 2015). This view tends to conflict to share the values with the shareholders that make operation management to be one of the most defenseless function when considering the CSR. There might be a significant impact on the objective of the operation manager and rising profits with fewer resources by values of corporate social responsibility (Yu, Kuo, and Kao, 2017).

Main reasons for vulnerability

Most of the companies tend to pay attention to the value creation aspects for all the shareholders. Nonetheless, the companies are found to try to attain their CSR goals owing to the pressures that they achieve from different sectors of society. Specific requirements tend to pay attention to the production methods along with the delivery of the goods and services and place emphasis upon the operation function. At the onset, it is significant to compare the traditional and contemporary views associated with the corporate social responsibility implemented to operation management. In the company, operation management is found to be the task of coordination of different functions such as manufacturing, distribution, accounting, and so on, and there are different interrelated functions such as marketing, human resources, and finance. It can be revealed that this can be implemented in any sector of the organization (Hancock, 2015).

It can be revealed that contemporary CSR methods lead to vulnerabilities in operational management because insignificant alteration or disturbance among one party would have an impact on all parts of the supply chain. It tends to harm the behavior of the company with corporate social responsibility. It also tends to possess an influence upon the objectives for effective operational management. When such disturbances take place, it is noted that the companies forget the strategies and tactics to CSR or sustainability goals and make use of the short term solutions regardless of the price to the environment, the society, consumers or stakeholders or employees. It can be revealed that the most significant vulnerabilities in the organization can be:

New concepts and re-design of the products and services

The development of the new concepts, along with the re-design of the product or services, tends to be quite crucial for all types of companies. The first step, i.e., designing or developing the new or modified product, has been related to the creation of the ideas that are supposed to be adequately tested. Thus it is also significant to conduct the feasibility test. Because the procedure is quite lengthy and complicated, the re-design method can be considered as being a CSR issue because of the additional consumption of energy, recyclability, waste management, and customer safety(Cho, Michelon, Patten, and Roberts, 2015).

Transportation/ logistics

The location of a business unit along headquarters possesses an impact on the operation management to a great extent. It can be considered as one of the first vulnerable points in the context of CSR. It can be revealed that transportation tends to possess a significant environmental impact, such as the movement of the goods and services from pone place to another might lead to emission and leaks along with greenhouse gases and water pollution. Because transportation cannot be avoidable by the manufacturing firm, operation management tends to minimize the impact. Nonetheless, it is because of the complexity related to that of the connected operations, and it is likely to become quite vulnerable. This can be explained with the assistance of the example. Company X tends to supply raw materials, while Company Y is the customer demanding the raw materials to purchase the goods and services. In case there is a production delay in Company X, it becomes essential to have a rescheduling of the production plan for company Y because delays, as well as lousy planning of Company X, might harm Company Y in terms of production stoppage. This type of delivery can be inefficient because it would prove to be quite costly, raise the level of pollution, pressurizer the truck driver to deliver goods on time, and also lead to additional stress for the employees as well as for the company. It can be argued that the stoppage of the production would lead to a more negative impact in comparison to that of the rushed delivery. Nonetheless, it becomes quite complex to weigh the impact, and it becomes essential to determine the leading causes. It can be revealed that planning, as well as security stock, was correctly managed from both sides, then there was no need for express delivery (Estampe & et al., 2016).

Waste and recycle

The most significant tragic example linked with that of the operational failure has been linked with that of the Chernobyl disaster that took place in the year 1986. It led to pollution of the environment, along with the development of the toxicity as well as waste issues. It is significant for the companies to administer production safety as well as minimize the overall accident rates to a great extent. It is also substantial to recycle the waste as much as possible, manage the regular waste in a safe manner, and it becomes significant for the companies to develop a lean product life cycle. Nonetheless, it has been known that such methods tend to be vulnerable when CSR is taken into consideration because there would be significant damages done by such operations (Cho, Michelon, Patten, and Roberts, 2015).

Recycling

Most of the companies that are found to organize the recycling of old products tend to demonstrate an excellent example of how it can minimize the environmental impacts over the products. Nonetheless, it can be revealed that there are different aspects that companies need to consider. Supply chain systems need to be developed by the company to gather and transport the used items. It is also significant for companies to create environmentally friendly bags for pick-up points. Nonetheless, it can be revealed that such initiatives made by the company can prove to be a failure and vulnerable in case the involvement of the parties is found below.

Organizational evolution

It is a well-known fact that performance measures prove to be one of the main aspects of operation management. Nonetheless, it has been made evident that setting such standards and evaluation tends to possess numerous negative social consequences for the employees of the organization. Minimization of costs, the rising experience of the customers, speed of delivery, quality conformance might lead to stress and fluctuation in the working hours of the employees of the organization (Hancock, 2015).

Continuous enhancements

Kaizen can be considered as one of the Japanese tools that assist in promoting continuous improvement in manufacturing sectors. Different approaches prevail, such as the Deming cycle, tools, and methods that help in performing ongoing improvement process. When considering CSR initiatives, various vulnerabilities can be identified.

Using CSR issue management tool

It can be revealed that the company needs to make use of the CSR issue management tools as a tool in the work of attaining balance among the different actors of the organization. It shall lead to enhancement in the behavior and operations. It is significant for companies to collaborate to create a better working place. Companies need to manage their economic, environmental, and social impacts in a manner so that they do not face any kind of vulnerabilities (Allen and Craig, 2016).

Case study of Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola Company was founded in Atlanta as one of the local manufacturers in 1886. The company is one of the foremost of drink and have manufactured and distributed non-alcoholic drink with more than 500 beverage brands. The company was also found producing sodas, waters, energy drinks, coffees, and teas. Coca-Cola company make the usage of the principal drink distribution system and sell its product to more than 200 countries. The operational efficiency of the firms has given a significant contribution to the growth of the company, both domestically and in the international market. In the year 2011, the net income of the firm was $9,262,000 as per Forbes, which had even stated that soft drink firms also continue to attain growth. There is a various process which is applied by Coca-Cola to ensure effective operation. The operation management is termed essential in the firm to deliver quality products and services to its customers.

In 2007, the company launched the sustainability framework, which was termed as Live Positively, which was embedded in the operating system at every label from production to packaging until distribution. The main areas which were covered are active, healthy living, energy and climate, sustainable packaging, and workplace. Although the company has practiced CSR to give attain profitability and reputation, it had been found that the company has faced issues and conflicts in operation management due to CSR. In 2003, Indian NGO center for Science and Environment (CSE) have reported the proof of the existence of the pesticides which was exceeding the standard level of Europe in Coca-Cola. CSE had called the Indian Government to make legal enforcement water standards, and the allegation was made against Coca-Cola for selling products that possess a higher level of pesticides, usage of groundwater, and polluted water sources. This report attained more considerable attention from the media and the public. It had led the company to possess a direct impact on the revenue of the company and even on operational management. The misconduct and disobey of the company to the CSR policies have led to the company having its effect on executive management. The demand for the product had declined significantly whereon quality management sectors have been significantly impacted.

Apart from that, the company was also accused of minimizing water in various areas and parts of Southern India. The company was also found discharging polluted water by discharging wastewater in the rivers and fields, which had polluted soil and groundwater and affected the public health. Since the company has over-extracted groundwater for its production, the organizational operation got affected, wherein the Government suspended the company’s production operation and banned the manufacture. Later, although the ban was canceled fines where charged worth $47 upon the Coca Cola’s Indian subsidiary because of damage in water and soil in Kerala, it had been analyzed that legal procedure by Indian Government against the company had not only influenced the company’s financial operation but have suffered the loss of trusts from the company asking with damage in reputation due to conflicts. The CSR issues also declined the overall sales of 15% just after the release of the 2003 CSE report, and impacted sales had fallen 15% in the sales in 2003.

Moreover, the highly published CSR conflict of Coca-Cola in Indian has also attained the attention of the consumers present in the US. Ten American universities temporarily stopped its sale of Coca-Cola products on its Campus. It had been analyzed that after 2003, the company had experienced major CSR conflicts in every part of the world, and the sale of the company also declined. Later, in 2008, company gradually changed its strategy to control damage and address local water issues. The proactive CSR policies on a worldwide scale have given the focus on water management and other significant concerns that have enhanced the operational level of the company and have also assisted the company in applying effective operational strategy. The company has suffered from the reputation crisis in India and America wherein the economic and societal influence have affected the operational plan of the company as a more significant number of stakeholders where not willing to get associated with the company, and shareholders of the company declined. However, the employment of CSR policies and Standards has helped the company to manage its organizational operations and attain success. It had been analyzed that a higher concentration of the company towards CSR has led the company to decline its profitability and operational management system.

Case study of Walmart

Walmart was founded in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. The company provides groceries and merchandise in the single stores and offer its customers the one-stop shopping experience. It is one of the biggest private employers in the US and the largest retailer globally. The company possesses more than 10,130 retailer units in 27 countries, and each one of them shares a common goal to save the money of people so that they can live effectively. There are 2.2 million associated globally and generate sales of $443 billion at the end of 2012. Walmart possesses various operations management such as designs of goods and services, location strategy, prices and capacity designs, quality management, inventory management, scheduling, etc.

Although the company is seen applying CSR policies in the present context, by the end of 2005, the company was found using Child labor in Bangladesh. The Radio Canada Programmes Zone Libre had announced publicly regarding the news that company had employed child labor in two factories in Bangladesh. The children age 10-14 years were used in the factory who were paid less than $600 annually to manufacture the products of Walmart Brand to export the product to Canada. In response to such conflicts and actions, the suppliers of the company termed it as a violation of the company's policies, Infect, NGO Maquila Solidarity Network have stated over the cutting ties with suppliers that running and cutting is one of the wrong responses in reporting regarding the child labor. Critique has said that citing ties discourage the workers from explaining the real situation of the factory to the supervisor as they get scared of losing their jobs and even encourage the suppliers not to expose the truth and abuses so that they can escape themselves from any sorts of inspection.

Moreover, the company also had a specific lawsuit by the female employees in 2001, which has also attained higher issues. Both gender discrimination and child labor, which are both illegal work and beyond the CSR policies, had made the company face a significant loss. The CSR had declined the operational management of the company wherein production has declined, and operations of the company got disturbed (Habas, 2018. The customers and shareholders and rejected as they were not satisfied with the work culture of the company. Walmart even had to face issues through other stakeholders like Government who had filed legal obligations upon the company, and they must pay even fine to the Government. The more considerable attention of the stakeholder towards the CSR activities had made the company face such issues and have also impacted the operational management and strategy of the company.

Conclusion

Summary of the study

This research paper has demonstrated several concepts linked with CSR and the organization's operation strategy. Although CSR practices need to be included in every organization's functional strategy as it assists in attaining social and environmental goals. The main motive of the CSR is to increase the awareness of the ecological, social, and human problems. However, it was analyzed that due to an increase in the concern of the stakeholders towards CSR, organizations are forced to make the adoption of policies and procedures. Hence, as minimize the practices which are harmful in segments. Although CSR enhances the reputation and competitive advantage of the company, it had been analyzed from the case study that CSR also results in operation management issues if the employees or the customers get to know regarding the inauthentic behavior of the company. If the company does not work ethically, then the company can face severe issues in its operation, and they might even have to pay fines to the Government. It had further been analyzed that outside pressure is one of the significant issues faced by the company as it leads to vulnerabilities in the operational management, which possess its impact on the whole supply chain. It is also reviewed that the company faces CSR issues in every phase of its operation strategies, starting from re-designing of the products to logistics. The waste and recycling process, along with the organizational evolution of the company, also gets influenced by the CSR activities. Although. Coco-cola has applied CSR in its practices, but if it lacks the CSR activities, then corporation reputation and images get declined. It is believed that although the implication of the CSR strategies extends the business to greater heights, the company can also face issues due to CSE implementation. The expenses of CSR initiatives might decline the advantage of the shareholders as profits of the company declined due to CSR expenses and other issues linked with CSR. This study has even focused on review, which has shown various approaches upon CSR related to an operational strategy that is connected with responsibility linked with the core process of business and procedures. Although operations managers are linked with regulatory systems

Recommendation

It had been analyzed that when the company does not employ the CSR, then it faces the issues in the operational strategies. Thus, it is recommended that operational managers should regularly perform audits of commercial and environmental integrity. A manager should develop appropriate practices of monitoring to confirm compliance in an ethical policy. Operator managers should employ green product designs to give a competitive advantage while an operation is linked with innovation and quality. It is recommended that an organization should enhance the usage of recycled materials as it increases variability, which lowers down conformance quality. It is further recommended that operational managers should give review upon the planning and control systems wherein environmental audits should be emphasized, and more opportunities need to be applied for cost-effectiveness improvements. In addition to that, greener producer designs should be used in this study to offer a competitive advantage wherein operations should be linked with quality and innovation. The operation managers should also get engage extensively in exchange of technical data along with the key suppliers and involve suppliers in service and product development.

Limitation and future research

The study has implemented secondary data only, which have limited the results. However, it had been analyzed that in future research, research should also employ primary data such as interviews or surveys to interpret the result. The researcher should also manage the time as it was difficult for the researcher to complete the project on time. The researcher should also ask financial assistance from the university as a majority of the secondary data were paid sources, which was difficult for the researcher to pay for them.

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