From Ancient Times to Modern Era and Its Impact on Trade and Shipping

Introduction

Transport has come a long way since the evaluation of time and men. From the invention of the wheel to the usage of airplanes for transportation of men and goods. Transport industry is the widely used industry in society today and has its hands in almost all the other sectors of the economy. This industry has been revolutionized at different intervals of time and will keep being revolutionized in the time to come and hence this will be of much benefit to mainly the shipping sector as well as the trade sector. Though it has become much smarter and has become much easier to handle tasks with the help of today’s era of transportation. Engineering dissertation help has always played a significant role in advancing our understanding and capabilities within the industry of transport. Other than the properly manufactured goods, the semi produced also has its own benefits of being transported or shipped in different parts of the world (Reinhard et al. 2019). The system has totally changed from what and how products were manufactured and shipped earlier in the earlier generations in comparison to how the products are manufactured and shipped in the modern era, that is, in the present days.

Earlier the shippers mostly focussed on sea routes was the most used medium in the world, but as of now the shipping of goods through means of sea is leading means of transporting goods along with various other transports like the air transport, water transport, railways, etc. The increase in the different modes of transport has decreased the time taken for a good be it finished or partially finished to reach from the manufacturer to the retailer or to the customer. This has led to discovery of different kinds of routes for faster travel of products from one end to the other. Having the maximum capacity to carry loads and taking the most amount of time to transfer person as well as products from one place to the other place, ships carry specially built containers for storing items that would help in the goods that can get perished or goods that are will not get perished stay stored in particular place so that when brought to land these containers along with the products can be transferred to the assigned location without having to unload the products at different destinations and then load it again in different containers (Atlihan et al. 2021). As of earlier when only transporting the different types of goods mattered, these days only transportation of goods is not enough. The containers must be built in such a way so as to make sure that the products do not get damaged in any way and the product remains the same way it was when it was being manufactured, that is without any kind of damage or scratches or anything. There might also be present different components needed to manufacture a product so it has to be made sure that these components or parts are being sold or being shipped without any delay or without having to lose to any component that might be important for the making of the product. Earlier it was a considered a status symbol for goods to be delivered in big sea vessels, that is the ships and not everybody was much concerned about their goods being delivered in timely manner as well as in a secure manner but speaking of these days, the priorities of the consumers or the retailers or the manufacturers have changed and as of now they consider the goods to be delivered in timely basis and in a secure manner much more manner than spending time on selecting the mode of transport their product or equipment or tool their product would be delivered in (Tirachini and Cats, 2021). though there have been many legal conflicts based on these transportation of goods regarding the manner or the way these goods are shipped. Although public transport too has come a long way. From being only horse carts being the only medium of domestic transport for people, it has not only been replaced but also the modes have increased to a great extent like the usage of buses, cabs, cab bikes have become quite common and are vastly being used.

Problem Statement

There have been problems that are being faced by the people, society as well as nature and this is mainly due to the fact that the laws have to be made more specific or need to be made much more stricter or some just totally need to change. The transport helps in the control of the environmental pollution by reducing the usage of individually owned vehicles, the number of times the public transports run totally cover the usage of the individually owned cars. This has had a great impact on the overall pollution index of the country showing high level polluted air which is highly toxic for living beings. The legislation was made so as to reduce this pollution that is being emitted by the public transports and and also to make sure that the qualities of the bus service in the overall countries and to make sure that proper routes can be allotted to different busses and significant gap can be kept between each allotment so that any kind of congestion on road leading to delay in the movement of traffic can be avoided (Neoh et al. 2018). It is also important to note that this gap would also help in slow and steady overall reduction of the pollution caused by these government run vehicles. The laws particularly on the public transport was not properly established and also that they were not governed properly and hence amendments had to be made so that it can be made sure that the these transports especially the buses are under proper jurisdiction of the government and every aspect is properly covered and that they do not perform any kind of activities that are illegal or unethical in the eyes of the law. This law would help in the better handling of the traffic and its signals so that the movement of vehicles can happen smoothly, that is, without any problem. This legislation covers the entire country UK along with the cities and also governs the routes that come in and out of different cities and also governs the routes that lead to outside the country and have their jurisdiction till their boundaries. Proper legal agreements have been made between the local authorities regarding the smooth running of the bus transports and also it has been made sure that the operators agree to the laws that have been made for these transport and also to introduce bus routes where there is no availability of the same. Different people had been complaining about the quality of the bus service and problems that are coming with it and through the help of the applied legislation this issue can be brought to the notice of the authorities concerned and then this issue can be resolved without any delay. It also safeguards the interest and rights of the ones heading the local authorities and the other who are under these heads, like the drivers driving these vehicles or the conductors or the people involved in servicing or taking care of the vehicles and making sure any of these people are not behaved unfairly with and that their rights are covered and taken care by the government itself (Kathuria et al. 2020). This would help the government in gaining the faith of these people who are involved with public transport and help the government in making necessary amendments. This act also involves taking care of the rate that the people involved with it are supposed to get, that is, they must be getting at least the amount they were getting before the legislation was imposed. Covering this demand of the people would help in developing trust in the law and will also help in the heads of the local authorities as well as the other drivers, conductors,etc. getting loyal to the government of the UK. This arrangement between the local companies and the government being legal would boost up the usage of the public transport among the people and would also boost up the tourism sector and other related sectors lifting the GDP and also satisfy the public and make sure that they have trust in their government. But this might not be case as people might not be content or satisfied with the decision that was being made by the government and also being under the law, the companies would lose their ability to set rates for different routes on their own and hence there would be problem as setting fixed rates for different routes based on the laws and regulations of the government will not allow the local authorities of the transport companies in having the liberty of setting their own rates and hence the people involved with working under these authorities will not be given the wage or salary that they were given prior to the application of the law in this industry. Hence there would be a surge of unhappy citizens who might revolt against the decision of the government making the environment unstable. Some might leave the job due to the fact of getting less paid hence this industry might get vacant or be left with very few people willing to work in this industry which would make managing this public transport industry difficult. The routes would gradually decrease and so would decrease the operation of buses in different areas and hence increasing the usage of individually owned vehicles which would result in increasing the pollution of the environment along with the increase in the traffic resulting in it being stagnant and at times moving at a very slow pace (Dichabeng et al. 2021). Though having perks, the legislation's impact on public transport has its own disadvantages.

Objectives

The main objective of the legislation was to ensure that the services of the transport that were being complained by the users can be resolved and hence the quality can be improved so that it suits the needs of the users that is the public and the sales can be boosted and that the newer routes can be acquired so that the facilities are available to a larger number of public and also the fact that these can be managed efficiently without any failing. The law would help in keeping a track of the vehicles running in different directions and will also provide them with a strict deadline making sure that the proper services are provided to the public and the company or the higher authorities of the company does not face any kind of backlash regarding the inability to provide the services to the public. It would also help in establishing newer routes be it within a particular city at different places or be it between different cities. This would also help the company in covering a larger number of public and will also help the company in having a better reach and a better connection all over the country (Kolbe, 2019). This spreading of the network of the services would help in the reduction in the usage of private owned vehicles resulting in lesser congestion on roads, lesser traffic and lesser pollution of the environment. Introduction of this law would help in the setting up fair costs resulting in more usage of public transport and being under the government control would help in much more convenient usage of the services by the public. This would not help in connecting different cities or different areas in a particular city but also help in connecting different organisations in either the same or different cities like schools or hospitals or universities or companies or other organisations resulting in the increase in convenience of the people reducing the usage of resources like time, money and petrol, etc. This legislation would also help in covering the rights of the workers working in the industries whose rights otherwise were curbed by the higher authorities by providing them with a fair amount of salaries as well as covering their other facilities which would help in the overall development of the industry thus resulting in the overall development of the country.

Preliminary Literature Review

Public transport is one of the best ways to travel as it reduces pollution to some extent. As more people travel through public Transports such as buses, that will reduce carbon emissions. There is a huge decline in the bus transportation industry if we have to overcome public health , quality of the air and climate change. The pandemic is another problem that harmed the public transport industry. The UK bus services became unviable overnight, central government and councils are continuing to pay for services that are not in use now. Rebuilding of the bus industry needs a lot of time as it is not easy to go back to what it was earlier (Bascom and Christensen, 2017). The funding provided by the central government can be used to make it better and sooner. If the infrastructure and traffic powers work together in partnership with public transport Providers things will be easier to manage with the help of the funding from the government. In many places of the UK the air quality is so poor, due to which there is an increase of health problems in those areas. The UK government is concerned about the public transport to be sustainable in this COVID-19 crisis period which makes it more attractive. The LGA (Local government association) had reported that the funding and the regulatory regime of the bus industry provides no provision for outside of London.

REPORTS OF UNDERTAKEN BY SYSTRA FOR LGA. Ambitions of the local authorities.

Way to deliver their ambitions. The barriers in the path of delivery of these ambitions. The changes to be done to overcome the barriers of the ambitions. Some studies prove that the public transport authority is ready to address the huge decline in the bus transport industry in the last few decades and that making bus services more attractive will solve the problem ame achieve the key objective now. There are many benefits from an effective and good transportation network such as reduction of carbon emissions, climate change, good air quality and health, reduction of car dependency, new communities will connect in this way, in some way the social inequality can also be managed. The DRT ( Demand responsive transport) can help in making the bus transport more attractive as it can connect with the school transport, also it can help to connect the isolated communities. The " Interchange " And " Hub and feeder " Models of network planning can be used for network planning as planned by the authority (Argyriou and Barry, 2021).

The UK has tackled the Climate Change Act to reduce carbon and reach net zero carbon by 2050. Capitalising and improvement in vehicle technologies and converting public transport to zero emission vehicles will be a major step towards reducing the carbon emission and climate change. The government has planned to roll out 4000 zero emission buses by 2025. To fulfill this target 40 percent of busses need to be zero emissions starting from around 5 percent in 2019. The barriers need to be overcomed in order to achieve the goal (Francis and Pearce, 2020).

Methodology

There are many barriers as well in the local authority public transport industry.

Funding being one of them, local authority funding on local transport is down by 40 percent over the last decade. Due to a huge decline in the bus transport industry there is a huge loss in correspondence in the commercial bus services (Tabor, 2021). There will continue to be some major negative impact even now due to the Covid 19 situation where most people are at home and working from home so the demand for public transport will not be at its peak.

The LGA has reported that the level of underfunding is £700m a year. As there is less funding for supporting delivery charges, councils have less influence over how, where and when the bus services are delivered to which area. There has been a drop in bus services over the last decade for journeys outside London that are 11.9 percent, and inside London 1.4 per cent . This is a reason why bus services have declined and also has fallen outside of London (Dell ́Olio et al. 2017). The rural bus transport decline is one of the worst decline of the decade , as there is a decline in funding of local public transport which has led to many services to be withdrawn. The rural route has a long route that has less demand than that of urban routes as jobs, training and education are all available in the urban areas.

The UK research on the long teen effects of Covid 19 :

The authority is waiting for the Covid 19 restrictions to be lifted then the office based workers and other people will start using public Transport. Then there can be a rough review of the demand. Many will use public transport less because of this pandemic, less than before, and replace it with car use.

The changes that need to take place, the LGA and the members have to take forward some major changes such as bridging the gap between the local authority ambitions and available funds. Long term stability and predictability will allow the authorities to plan and make it into action and deliver the ambitions in a well controlled manner. The adequate local funding ensures that the schemes delivered can be taken forward in the near future. There should be a roll out to clean the bus fleet. The funding should be accessed by all the higher authorities and not only to the local authorities , expertise etc. There should be a long term capital funding plan in order to achieve the goal and revive the public transport industry of the UK. The scheme of attractive bus services should be kept in mind and fresh ideas and innovations should be welcomed, for example the latest innovations by DRT (Reinhard et al. 2020). Good partnership of the local authorities and operators and other public transport agencies can share experience to make it better. The data, source, funding, ideas will help to achieve the ambition. As soon as the bus transport industry will be clear with what the barriers are and what needs to be done, then there will be improvement in delivering their ambitions.

References

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