Evaluating EU Integration of Eastern Europe

Chapter 1

Introduction

The collapse of state socialism in Eastern and Central Europe opened doors for the European Union (EU) to provide assistance to these countries in terms of the transformation difficulties they were experiencing. Moreover, both sides, Eastern Europe and Western Europe, had political, social and economic goals for joining and including Eastern Europe into the EU respectively (Bilcik, 2002). However, despite the two parties’ motivation to realize their goals, little research has been done to evaluate the success levels of the integration of Eastern countries into the European Union (also termed as the European integration). This research proposal illustrates how a study will be conducted on the subject of European integration with a hawk eye on the success rate of the integration process. The proposal will be divided into three major sections. The first section will give the background and rationale of the study. The next section will highlight the study’s theoretical framework while the third section will detail the research methodology.

1.1 Background and Rationale of the Study

In 1993, a vision was laid for the peaceful unification of Europe through an institutional framework that was established at the Copenhagen European Council (Bulmer & Lequesne, 2005). According to Dimitrova (2005), the EU statement at the Copenhagen was characterised by an explicit indication that the EU was ready to accept new members provided they could fulfill certain criteria. Consequently, various countries from Central and Eastern Europe made their applications to join EU. Accounts by Fisher (2006) indicate that following the applications, the Copenhagen Commission began providing their advice to the EU member states on the new applicants through the agenda 2000 document. Ideally, as Gallagher (2005) points out, the Agenda 2000 document addressed several other policy issues including how the EU enlargement could not only be viewed as an enlargement per se, but also a step towards determining how it could be funded and governed, as part of the already ensuing changes that had been undergoing within EU. Besides according to Glenn (2003), Agenda 2000 also focused on the future EU regional and agricultural policies which were already undergoing reforms, and which could be affected by the new memberships.

1.2 The Fifth Enlargement of the European Union

Upon the invitation for new memberships, ten countries from eastern and central Europe that had been in close association with EU sent their applications, in what was later termed as the ‘The Fifth Enlargement of The European Union’ (Grabbe, 2006). The fifth enlargement was characterised by the approval of Hungary, Poland, Cyprus, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Slovenia, among others; as countries that were ready for the negotiations by 2001. Nonetheless, other countries such as Romania and Bulgaria were not cleared for negotiations and thus were set to begin negotiations after meeting all the prequalification. The two countries later joined EU during the 2007 enlargement of EU, which was also considered part of the fifth enlargement

1.3 Statement of the Problem

But Haverland (2006) argues that the fifth enlargement was not only the scenario where the largest number of countries joined EU, but also the most complex because countries of different social, economic and political backgrounds were brought together. Besides, Henderson (1999) opines that generally, the fifth enlargement had a great impact on EU as an economic block, on its global economic position. Indeed, a fair remark can be made that it was characterised by mixed reactions. This is because while some EU citizens saw it as an opportunity to unite to become better, more competitive and stronger in defending its interest a global economic powerhouse, others saw it as a threat to their security, jobs, and identity (Hughes et al, 2004). However, Bilcik (2002) avers that the success rate of the fifth enlargement could be measured and judged by how the countries integrated, rather than by how much it united or threatened EU.

Nonetheless, the fall of the socialist and communist regimes in Eastern Europe exposed the fifth enlargement to various challenges that affected the entire integration of Eastern Europe into EU (Nugent, 2004). This is because, except Malta and Cyprus, the other Eastern Europe countries that aspired to join EU were former socialist and communist countries that had centrally-planned economies. This necessitated various fundamental transformations that needed to be effected in order for the countries to integrate into the EU’s system of economic and political governance, and to adopt the acquis communautaire. In fact, as argued by Olsen (2002), this explains why the accession processes began immediately after the Copenhagen commission had issued the invitation.

To date though, existing research majorly focus on the previous chronologies of the integration. Also, existing research (e.g Bilcik 2002; Fisher 2006; and Ghalagher 2005) highlight on the integration of Easter Europe countries, but they majorly focus on the political changes that occur in certain countries as a result of such countries gaining EU membership. For instance, Bilcik (2002) concentrates on Slovakia and the political developments that occur after gaining EU membership; Fisher (2006) addresses the political changes in Croatia and Slovakia that occur as they integrate into EU, while Ghallagher (2005) is interested in the political changes that occurred in Romania. Consequently, there is little research highlighting the current context and political, social and economic developments that have so far unfolded since the fifth enlargement. For instance, there is a paucity of research evaluating barriers experienced by Eastern European countries while attempting integrate outside the union (Nicola, 2013). Besides, there is a dearth of research highlighting the current immigration issues experienced by the Eastern Europe countries (e.g. the Portuguese immigrants in the Northern part of Ireland). Consequently, there is a crucial need for understanding how the Eastern European countries have integrated into the EU amid these contemporary issues because at it stands now, Brexit and other political discourses (e.g. the migration politics) have shaken the Union. The rationale of this study therefore is to highlight the extent to which Eastern European countries have integrated into the EU, considering the current political context of immigration and Brexit among other contemporary issues in the EU, while adding the social and economic aspects of the integration.

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1.4 Research Aim

The main aim of this study is to explore how successfully the Eastern European countries have been integrated into The European Union.

1.5 Study Objectives

i. To explore the success rate of the integration of Eastern European countries into EU

ii. To explore the social, political, and economic motives for the inclusion of Eastern European countries into the EU

iii. To identify the factors constraining the integration of Eastern European countries into EU

1.6 Research Question

How successfully have Eastern European countries been integrated into the EU?

1.7 Justification of the Study

Fisher (2006) argues that the joining of Eastern European countries to the EU during the fifth enlargement was an important contributor to the reunification process of Europe. With countries like Poland joining in 2004 while others such as Romania and Bulgaria joining in 2007, it was expected that a wide range of political, economic and dynamism could be inflicted into the EU ecosystem (Nugent, 2004). Besides, Dimitrova (2005) opines that this unification, and successful integration of these countries into the EU, was necessary especially after the several years of the division following the Cold War. But a question that begs is whether these expectations have so far been met. Therefore, this study will allow scholars to gain insight into whether this integration has so far been achieved, especially considering today’s events happening in EU (e.g. Brexit). In the process, the study will identify the challenges and opportunities facing the integration process for purposes of informing better policy development and leadership within the EU. In doing so, it will highlight contemporary issues such as immigration, and Brexit and how they have so far affected the integration. The study takes a different approach by reviewing existing literature on the Fifth Enlargement, synthesises the data, and puts them into the contemporary context to conclusions on the progress made so far by the Eastern European countries in integrating into EU.

Chapter 2

2.0 Theoretical Framework

2.1 The History of EU integration

Pollack (2013) argues that the process of European integration (EI), which European nations are currently taking part in, was launched immediately World War II came to an end. EI is grounded upon the tragic experiences that followed the most tragic armed conflict ever experienced in human history, resulting from Nazi Germany. When the war came to an end, the prevailing conditions called for a better integration that would address the needs of the nations of the Old Continent. The aftermath of the World War II saw the Western European nations that were against the integration abiding by the call to this way; forming forces with other nations to see the establishment of the EI a reality.

While defining a new political order in the region, the key task entailed investing more in the reconstruction of their respective economies. According to Nicola (2013), it became apparent to the mind of Western European leaders that efficient and effective European economy was the key aspect of realizing better safety and development structures. This paved way to the emergence of the Marshall Plan, which is the European Recovery Framework, in supporting the laid structures. It is at this time when the Soviet Union launched threats towards the successful realization of EU while mobilizing Europeans.

The only way out was offering Western European nations the force that would see them resist the influence coming from the Soviet Union. Similarly, they had to resist the economic dominance that the United States (US) was enjoying over them. The above assertions are confirmed by Mansurov, Penkovtsev and Shibanova (2016), arguing that the post-war years were characterized by the establishment of a better political configuration in the region. It is this kind of formation that paved to a nuclear confrontation. The confrontation had the Western democracies and the Soviet Union taking part in opposite and conflicting parts. The Soviet Union had subordinated satellite states that were behind the military eastern bloc, which subjected the western democracies to high levels of hostilities. It is this kind of configuration that came with decisive influence during the EU formation and the mobilization of the members to be firm in achieving set goals.

The works of Luku (2017) have put it clear that the first phase of the post-war EU entailed reconstruction of the region's infrastructures and economy; only for the Western European nations. The process was stimulated by the economic agreements and organizations that were signed in the 20th Century. These included the Treaty of Paris, the Treaties of Rome, the Single European Act and the European Union Treaty. With these treaties, in place, the formation of the EU was considered to be a structure established from the inter-state corporation of various nature which is a different case for the traditional international organizations. There was no involvement of legal personality; only aimed at constituting a transition stage to create room for full economic, political and economic integration of the member states.

2.2 The Theory of transitional justice

While defining transitional justice (TJ), the works of Conea (2018) refer to the response accorded to either a systematic or widespread violations of human rights. The essence of TJ is to recognize victims of human rights violations and enhance chances for peace and reconciliation, as well as paving way for democracy. The legacy that comes with systematic violations of human rights undertaken during the times of violent conflict and bad leadership can get into the new order. Just as Verhoestraete (2013) puts it, TJ can create room for societies to undertake a historical check through prosecution and seeking the truth for the victims, in addition to institutional reform. In this sense, justice goes past criminal justice by entailing broader notions of accountability.

Quite a number of EU Member States are on record having gone through legacies of this nature. According to Andreevska (2013), the experiences resulted from the Second World War and other authoritarian rules that witnessed in the region. The EU came into place to bring an end to the recurrent war. Efforts to realize the same has seen a number of members states coming into terms with the historical abuses by prosecuting the perpetrators and truth-seeking for the victims. Some have gone as far as reforming their public institutions, especially those operating in the security sector.

Beyond its borders; out of Europe, the EU has significantly contributed to development and efforts aimed at managing the crisis. The above assertions are confirmed by Conea (2018), arguing that EU member states have come up with programs aimed at building institutions, among them including the transitional justice initiatives. The EU is truly committed to promoting peace, protecting the rights of its member states and strictness when it comes to observation and adherence to international law. For instance, among the objectives of the EU entails consolidation as well as giving support to democracy and human rights. The EU extended the support to the total adherence to the tenets of international law. With TJ in place, the objectives set by the EU can be met, however, the EU has to invest more on policies, come up with effective operational guidance, in addition to tools that will the member states implement the defined commitments.

2.3 The Social Movement Theory

While defining the social movement, the works of Piasecki and Woroniecki (2016) refer to an interdisciplinary study whose aim is to best explain the reasons and forces behind social mobilizations, their various aspects of manifestation and the underlying consequences. The same definition fits the European Social Movement (ESM), which resulted from particular forces and reasons that its formation as well as the underlying consequences. Studies by Rovisco (2016) have referred to ESM as a neo-fascist alliance, in entire Europe, aimed at facilitating Pan-European nationalism. This raises the question of the motives behind the formation of the Pan-European nationalisms, and how this would facilitate the realization of the defined EU goals.

The ESM emerged from the formation of the Italian Social Movement, commonly referred to as the ISM. According to Piasecki and Woroniecki (2016), ESM was majorly established with the goal of realizing a closer European unity, where Europe was defined as the movement’s national policy. However, the establishment of the ESM experienced a number of early setbacks. For instance, some of the member states argued that the war against communism seemed to be quite impractical within the framework of the EU framework. Others had the view that the EU had not sufficiently underlined racialism as a major necessity. The two emerged as some of the acute problems, with some of the members walking away of the French group and the entire ESM. Later, they emerged to be instrumental in the establishment of the New European Order (NEO).

As time goes by, EU member states have realized the need to come up with a strong ESM, despite the strong challenges that come with the same. Sometimes back, the EU forums expressed this particular dynamic. However, the dynamic has emerged to be quite faltering in nature; largely thanks to the ever-changing circumstances in Europe. Lucian (2016) holds the same views, adding that the experienced dynamisms are beyond the organizational structures of the respective forums form under the EU. Perhaps, in order to realize the EU dreams, the member states have to explore the potential obstacles towards a united ESM which is defending social justice, liberties and rights, and the significant contribution towards a peaceful world.

2.4 Development Models

The European development model entails three elements, with the first one being the model of economic growth. The other three elements are political freedom and social cohesion. Unlike other regional models; the US and China, the European model for development are quite inclusive in nature, coming with greater dynamic outcomes. Just as asserts, inclusive models are defined as those of the third way, considered as the best alternative to their exclusive counterparts. Perhaps, the above arguments confirm the Europe development model as the best, due to its inclusive nature.

Analysis of the European model reveals that it was coined alongside a social purpose, as compared to the American one which exclusively yields. Looking at the political aspect of the European model, there is no doubt that it is grounded upon individual judgment and price, as opposed to the Russian one which is politically guided. Skrzeszewska, Tršinski and Luković (2017) argue that when looking on matters with the face of economic growth, the European model revolves around competitive market mechanisms, when it comes to matters of resource allocation. The case is different to other models that attach importance gradual involvement whenever giving out certification on resource allocation that is controlled by the market.

The EU’s northern sub-model has proven beyond any reasonable doubt, that an effective model should not only generate social equity but extend to macroeconomic efficiency as well. The Nordic sub-model, commonly known as the Scandinavian, exhibits the highest rate of redistribution. According to Pietrzak and Lapinska (2015), this redistribution characteristic has seen the system emerging more effective with respect to social protection and increasing the level of social inclusion. Similarly, the system has been able to efficiently offer social services to the entire categories of citizens as well as open dialogue between the member states. Below is a diagrammatic illustration of the same:

Chapter 3

Study Methodology

Descombe (2010) argues that narrative literature reviews entail a systematic identification, selection, and inclusion of literary material for purposes of conducting secondary research on a particular phenomenon. The systematic literature search is borrowed from the systematic literature review method, especially when there is an emphasis on relevance and reliability of the intended literature sources. Hence, the proposed study will use the narrative literature review methodology to identify how successful the Eastern European countries have been able to integrate into the EU.

The study will employ a systematic search strategy that will entail the identification and selection of literature materials from online databases and search engines such as EBSCO and JUSTOR. These search engines are selected for use due to their relevance to law and political science, comprising of a wide range of literature in global political affairs (Bell, 2014).

The study intends to use search terms such as European Union, integration, Europe, economy, enlargement, and European Commission. These search terms are expected to enable a comprehensive search of literature material. Boolean operators (i.e. ‘OR’ and ‘AND’) will be used to organise the search terms to facilitate sensitivity and specificity of the literature search process.

Descombe (2010) asserts that inclusion and exclusion criteria are useful in demonstrating the relevance and scope of the literary materials. Hence for the proposed study, the following inclusion criteria will apply:

• Studies written in the English language – to allow easy reading and understanding of the given information

• Only academic papers – to ensure that the information retrieved is relevant and specific to the research question

• Studies in full text – to allow for a comprehensive identification analysis of data

All other studies that shall have not met these criteria will be excluded from the study

It is expected that various key characteristics of the selected literary materials such as year, author, findings, and conclusion; will be collected through a data extraction framework. This process is expected to enable the synthesis of data while creating an opportunity for a rich narrative description of the literature. Ideally, the narrative review is selected to enable the researcher to tell the ‘story’ about the integration of eastern European countries and the success achieved so far. The narrative description will take an inductive approach, where details of the integration process will be observed in detail so that the researcher can make ideas and generalizations in regards to the success levels of the Eastern European countries integration into the EU. In doing so, the researcher intends to develop empirical generalizations regarding the research topic as the study progresses.

Regardless of being secondary research, the proposed study intends to make various ethical considerations to ensure that it stays within the confines of best practice in scientific research. The following ethical considerations will be considered

• Plagiarism will not be entertained

• The researcher will ensure that all the data is used in a manner that does not cause damage or harm to the original authors

• All data sources will be acknowledged through reference list and in-text citation

Chapter Four Results and Discussion

The EU is an alliance of 28 member states including Britain to establish a political, social and economic community across Europe. Though the idea of the European Union might sound pure from the word go, it has a unique and rich background, both regarding aid in its ability to fulfil its mandate and success. The chapter seeks to highlight the results, the success of the countries integration into the European Union in terms of political, social and economic motives. The chapter address success rate of integration into the European Union and the factors constraining integration of the European Union.

4. 1 Social, Political and Economic motives for the Inclusion of Eastern European Countries in the European Union

4.1.1 Political Purposes

The enlargement not only focuses on the primary foreign policy remit but also related to the community or union architecture, basing on its objectives of bringing the third world states into the Union. Thus making the enlargement to be excluded from the European External Action Services (EEAS) - created by the Lisbon Treaty. However, expansion does mainly concern with foreign policies; the motives for the successive enlargements of the Union are promptly contained in the geopolitics (Bell, 2014). It is a vital tool of the union’s soft power considered the most influencing technique of foreign policies. The objectives of enlarging the European Union to the United Kingdom is to strengthening the power of NATO founded on the Europe economic context of the cold war (Descombe, 2010); the ultimate goal of creating the EEC among other things serving similar objectives. Additionally, it is the main reason behind the US support to British accession.

As Pietrzak and Lapinska (2015), puts it, essential point of enlarging Europe to the eastern and southern was to create democratic stability during and after the cold war and in the post-cold war turbulence of geo-politics context. The evidence seeking accession in south Europe, as a result of the fall uprising dictatorship was to maintain it especial Greece and Portugal from whirling to anti-western alignment as well as reinforcing the West to compete with Soviet bloc in Balkans.

Incorporating Austria, Sweden, and Finland in the enlargement was purposely to integrate them to western countries opted to remain neutral in the cold war. The most considerable Eastern enlargement of 2004-2007 aimed at combining and reinforcement Western victory in the cold war, through deterring Moscow influence (McCormick, 2017). The enlargement plan executed corresponding NATO enlargement. The protagonists of the expansion inform of the United Kingdom, and Germany had a robust geo-politic drive. The British aim at implementing its overdue standing with anti-Russia while Germany aims to dominate and secure its neighbourhood to the east as a result of the fall of the Berlin Wall (Skrzeszewska, Tršinski and Luković, 2017). Furthermore, Eastern Europe member states’ supported the enlargement notable stimulated the northern countries’ popularly referred to the Baltic states, where Italy was interested in Adriatic and Danubiana, Austrian interest in Austro-Hungarian empire and Greece interest in Balkans and Cyprus.

Lucian (2016) states that the critical reason regarding the EU enlargements based on the Western geopolitical interests, precisely to comprise Russia and preclude it from rising as a global power. For instance, accession of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in 2004. Becoming an EU member, the member’s states apply to become members of NATO. The critical factor of EU expansion, for geo-strategic scheming, has generated a Cold War sphere. Conea (2018), affirms that the Baltic states compose of several countries in the former Soviet Alliance including Finland who joined in 1995-were calling for EU enlargement owing to the lingering dangers to the rise of Putin’s Russia, resolute in maintaining the global power of Russia. Therefore, the 1991 collapse of communism leads to the growing pressure from former communist’s bloc to join the EU and seek to replace the influence of the Soviet Union.

Most of the Eastern Europe countries joined the European Union more recognized in the international arena. European integration is a peace symbol. Not only it halts a long-standing German-France conflict, but also reunified the Europe and world at large after Cold War a factor resonates strongly to every generation. The revenue priorities based on foreign policy is a crucial assumption point and reality dimension (Piasecki and Woroniecki, 2016). Integrating into European Union gave Eastern Europe countries ability to influence European Union foreign policy and external action by forming a current international relations voice the member states opinion counts from the countries with the most robust economy to the countries with a weak economy.

EU enlargement has contributed freedom, the spread of democracy and the rule of law turning members’ states with the fragile political system into liberal democracies. Through funding base projects, the European Union has a unique opportunity to anchor democracy on the other side. The enlargement of the European Union has assisted Eastern Europe countries in strengthening their autonomous doctrines especially in the countries that have suffered dictatorship for years. The Eastern Europe countries integrated into the European Union has a higher level of safety, economic and military sense. EU safeguards the democrat rights of citizens from the members’ states enables them to interact freely without restrictions or borders (Rovisco, 2016). Uplifting of the border restrictions enable the member states to participate in working on the European institutions, organs, and agencies, country gain voting rights. The member’s states become European Union policy representative committees, commission, and Union council. However, Eastern-European transitioning theory has been challenged recently with the rise of right-wing extremist parties in eastern European moving to illiberal single party system as the case of Poland, Hungary, and Germany.

4. 1.2 Economic Motives

EU integration supported post-war economic renovation in Europe. European Union aimed to make another war impossible thereby enabling Europe to be resistant to another great depression. It illustrates “solidarity de factor” centred on the pooling of coal and steel production as well as gradual creation of a single market as a result of cohesion policies of designing and use of euro. The common currency uses across Europe enable the increase of value to the trade.

The European Union integration opens fair market access opportunities for the members’ states to increase the bound to economic growth, upgrade of creativity, competitiveness, and innovations on the global market. It has enabled the member’s states to double the gross domestic product and per capital measure in the purchasing power. The enlargement of the European Union gives the members states unique chances to enterprises development and modernization, establishment, corporation, and equity.

According to Andreevska (2013), uplifting of customs duties, tariffs and non-tariffs barriers like abolishing of border control and other technical restrictions reduce the transportation, bank and insurance services enhanced the trade exchange between the member’s states. Increase the safety of economic trade and capital flow as results of partner’s conferences growth, macroeconomic stability and countries involvement attractiveness. Joining EU enable the Eastern European nations like Estonia and Latvia in 2004 to gain access to new markets that offer them significant economic benefits. They become a center for attraction for young low skilled labor to fill the financial gaps. Eastern Europe countries such as Bulgaria and Poland benefit from money being send home from migrants to their rich western countries.

4.1.3 Social motives

The genesis of the European economy projected to benefits member states citizens as opposed to owners or investors referred to the social economy through the creation of the European Community. The critical point of the European Community was the European Coal and Steel community creating a single market to trade the product. These economies include mutual society, cooperatives, and non-profit organizations as well as social enterprise foundations (McCormick, 2017). Socio-economic aspects of EU enlargement operates vast commercial activities containing a range of products and services over the European common market, which generates a wide range of employment opportunities.

The policies of European migration and integration are documented allowing the smooth immigration from its 28 member countries. Even the citizen from Romanian and Bulgaria, the last states to join European Union have rights for free movement and jobs in the EU members countries despite their citizens still face barriers from France, Belgium, Netherland, UK, Austria, Ireland, and Malta (Verhoestraete, 2013). The two countries have currently accessible to entire EU welfare and voting rights. Joining the EU brings many social advantages like a cultural exchange, trade, and economic growth. A case tends to trigger fear and political anxiety to the old member states.

The social integration enables the citizens from different states to learn social, cultural aspects of others. For instance, Turkish immigrants new a little German language, but after enlargement and development of education and trade exchange, the Turkish citizens are currently speaking the German language fluently. The integration of Eastern Europe countries into the EU leads to cultural integration. For instance, Turkey population mostly composed of the Islamic community. The integration enables other citizens from European countries to learn the Islamic culture.

Eastern enlargement has enabled people from Eastern European nations to travel freely across the boundaries making relocation easy. Young people from Eastern European can complete their studies in Western Universities. Foreign studies and professors including the Roman scholars were awarded scholarships to study and train in various Eastern European Union nation (Nicola, 2013). Among the most crucial European Union institutions includes the Council of Ministers, Institutions, Justice Court, and Parliament. The institutions have representatives from member’s states.

4.2.0 The success rate of the integration of Eastern Europe countries into the EU

The citizens from the EU countries initially objected further enlargement has impressively dropped during the last ten years. For instance, in 2016 survey, 51% of the European Union citizens were supporting the further expansion and 39% opposing. Cases contrary to the earlier picture thus twelve years ago were 35% citizens from the European Union calling for enlargement and 53% rejecting it (Mansurov, Penkovtsev and Shibanova, 2016). The drastic increase in support for expansion has been more continues until 2011, after which it stabilized at the current low of average 35% to 39%. Sharpest increase was during the period shortly after the 2004-2006 spring period.

Democratic and legal standards, Easter EU members are on record not performing well, but their economic performances are bloc star. Romania has the fastest economic growth in 2018 with an estimated growth rate of 6.4% on GDP. The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland are also proliferating compared to Western European countries economies. Out of 12 EU members anticipated to grow by 3% and above in 2019, nine are former communists nations in the continental east based on the European commission’s report (Luku, 2017). Meanwhile, infrastructural development projects continue to depend on the cohesion funding heavily. In Poland, more than half of its public investment from 2014 to 2017 came from the EU funds, while Romania EU funds up to 60% of the public finances. The Hungarians spend an average of 0.30 to 0.90 Euros daily.

European Union has fulfilled one objective. In the 75 years from 1870 to 1945, France and Germany went to war three times. They haven’t been to fight in the 75 years since. Whether that’s because of the EU or despite the EU, is a matter for debate. But the EU was founded upon the Schuman declaration which is intended to make another Franco-German was “materially impossible.” Elsewhere during its 60 years, the EU’s member states have worked together to establish a customs union and internal market. These EU member states have bestowed rights on its citizens allowing four EFTA countries and us all to work, live and travel across all the EU 28 member states. The EU has created a universal aviation agreement; scrapped mobile roaming charges; established consumer protection and employment rights.

There is now a common defense and security policy and a universal justice and home affairs policy. The EU has helped eight former Warsaw Pact countries make the transition from one party Communist rule to a market economy supported by regular popular elections. There have been mistakes and setbacks. The Eurozone single currency intended but flawed. The EU might well have averted the 1990s Balkans’ War. Agricultural subsidies have been misspent, and there is the needless requirement for two parliaments. Overall, the EU is well intended; given us rights and deserves further success.

4.2.1 Political Achievement

4.2.1.1 Export of Democracy Success of European Union Enlargement

EU performed a vital part of changing previously communist to democratic with operational market essentials and the law. The substantial transferal of the legal knowledge and institutions from member states to candidate countries guided by the European Commission and other institutions is historically unprecedented events in many ways. Countries like Portugal and Spain were candidates in previous EU enlargement waves. The process of the political and civil services institutions previously burdened by the legacy of the authoritarian system where none of the Union members championed the process of EU accession. They have just emerged from the political background based on complete annihilation of civil society, market economy, the rule of law and political democracy.

European Union manifests its most significant ever enlargement in May 2004 bringing new ten countries to the union and raising the number to 25. The visions for future expansion aspects collective grim. The ten new members accepted includes Slovenia, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, Malta, Estonia, Cyprus, Lithuania, and Latvia – bringing over seventy-three million people to the union and stirred its boundaries further towards east. The commission for the European Union states that the accession of these countries, where the majority are once part of the Eastern Alliance is an indisputable success. According to the commission (Dimitrova, 2005), European enlargements has obliged to present democracy, stability, and drive of individual freedom and dynamism in the European economy. During his speech in Berlin in 2018, Commissioner for European Union enlargement Olli Rehn retaliated the benefits of augmentation brought about by new and old member’s states, which has tripled in the last decade.

The Union executive has also encouraged old member states to abolish remaining limitations to workforces from the new member states. The commissioner insisted that migration flows after 2004 – 2007 enlargement have had the following economic effects nations with limitless workers movements. On May first, 2007 for instance, Belgium and Denmark abolished those limitations, with Copenhagen following the suite offering opportunities to workers from Romanian and Bulgaria which hinged the bloc early January 2007 (Bilcik, 2002). The movement left only Austria and Germany with barriers in what referred to European Union eight countries. The workers from Malta and Cyprus excused from the restrictions. Through distinction, the majority of old member states still hold restrictions for Romanians and Bulgarians. The critical phase of control and motivations provided by European Union candidate’s nations after the fall of communism in a drastic changing manner to establish the system of democratic, political and market economy as results of universal standard.

4.2.1.2 The institutional work machinery

The most considerable enlargement in the history of European Union has brought about changes in the institutions, growing the size of three main European Union bodies, the European Commission, the Parliament and the secretariat of the European Union. It does not hinder the process of decision marking as some scholars like Sara Hagemann; an analysis’s in the European Union institutional affairs based on the EU policy Center argue.

The legislation numbers adopted varies every year as someone may state that that working machinery and holding meetings in search for policy marking (Fisher, 2006). The making of policies does not contain a clear division between old and new union members and coherent entity. But in some areas where unanimity required like home affairs and justice, for example, the Lisbon Treaty is a vital tool for enhancing the new union bloc’s functioning.

4.2.2. Economic Success

4. 2.2.1. The process of accession has enhanced the standard of living of the citizens of new member’s states, through promotion of economic growth and social Unity.

In 1999 the old Member States’ average revenue per capita rose from 40% to 52% in 2008. Accession activities enriched economic growth in the new member state by 1.75% yearly from 2000 to 2008. The growth rate increase from 3.5% from 1999-2003 to 5.5% from 2004 to 2008. The old member has benefited much from the enlargement making accumulative output increase of 50% over the same period especially countries which have integrated investments with trade in a new member of the bloc (Bulmer & Lequesne, 2005). Such massive growth witness with the Eastern European enlargement bloc is as a result of capital accumulation and increase productivity; each contributes to more than 2% annually from 1999 to 2008. Based on the structuring of corporate, the labor contribution from 1999 to 2003 reported negative. The robust growth attributed by employment is estimated at 1.5% yearly alongside the old member states strong employment opportunities.

4.2.2.2 Efficient labor provision and competitive strength fostered by rapid integration of trade in the European Union.

The magnitude of openness in trade for new member states has hit the epic. The average gross domestic product share imports and exports have risen 47% before enlargement to from 56%. It is even higher than the GDP growth of the old member’s states standing at 38%. The integration between new member’s countries to old and between member’s countries themselves drastically intensified. For instance, in 2007, 80% of the entire exports from new member states where distributed across the European Union where commodities trade between new member states to new member’s countries estimated 19.5% compared to 13.25% in 1999 (Bilcik, 2002). The exports trade between new-old member states estimated 7.5% from 4.25% ten years ago.

The member who new gained a market share by increasing the export technology intensity and capital, an insignificant percentage to compete with the investments from old member states. The high technology goods hit 14% of total exports in 2006 from 11% in 1999 catching up with 16% old member states level. Enlargement has improved the market exchange rate creating cost competitiveness. Augmented trade integration in the European Union makes use of comparative advantages, and hence strengthens potential growth and increase the competitiveness of the entire European Union. The enlargement where new member states brought on board has double EU share in global trade.

4.2 .2 .3 Modernization of the New Member states economies

New member states have developed operational market economies and volume to deal with the competitive pressure from the market forces created by large single market economies. They have well aligned their structure of production with the old member states. The manufacturing and agriculture are the critical functions to new members generating a GDP from 4.5% to 21.25% respectively in 2006 compared to 1.5% and 16.75% in the old states members (Gallagher, 2005). However, the absolute knowledge and service-based economy has improved. The services shares in GDP grew to 63% in 2006 from 56% in 1995 as opposed to 72% of GDP of the old member states. Insensitive technology shares have also risen as results of employment, exports, and intensive knowledge sector. The increasing level of education is associated with the rapid phase of new member states modernization laying the ground for swift economic further. Additionally, the new member states have taken a new dimension of strengthening the rule of the law.

4.2.2.4. Old Member states investments has a key economic transformation drive for the new member states

The new member states through accession have made a significant improvement towards the stability of macroeconomic and promptly embraced the institutional frameworks and European legal systems. The European Union support like instruments of pre-accession was essential in nurturing the process. Subsequently, employment and growth boosted by surged in foreign investment. The long-term positive impacts of growth experience through productivity, knowledge transfer, constant competition, and adherence to the policies of economic. In the financial sector, foreign investments were unusually high. Therefore, the banking sector ownership on the new Member states varies from Slovenia 30% to Estonia 100% compared to an average of below 20% in the euro zone (Dimitrova, 2005). The old member states have developed a strong presence of insurance groups in the new Member State. The robust financial interdependence between old and new member states emphasizes the significance of the European Union broad cooperation in financial sector supervision and regulation.

4.2.2.5. Strengthening social cohesion and economic activities through investing under the instruments of cohesion policy.

The economic policies have considerably reinforced the integration of the new Member States into the global trading system and the European Single Market. Also, it has developed industrial relations, which has bred substantial inflows of foreign direct investments, a rising standard of living and creating new jobs. The cooperation of territory programmes has assisted in deepening European Union integration and enhance the sharing of knowledge (Haverland, 2006). Besides that, the policy of cohesion has improved endogenous progress of potential nations, enhanced competitiveness and productivity of the economies. It has lessened the conversion of workers to the new economic bloc, which expected in the rapid restructuring process, thus promoting balances and sustainability in the process of growth.

4.2.2.6. New market product framework brought by European Union accession

According to 2007 Eurobarometer survey, the new member states have an upper share of public procurement amounting to 5.75% of the gross GDP as opposed to 3.75% of GDP for the European Union entire members in 2007. The survey shows that medium and small enterprises contain up 63% of the GDP share on old member state indicating a significant increase on completion (Glenn, 2003). The available evidence links the competition to postal and telecommunication corporation services based regulatory framework of the sector.

4.2.2.7. Rural economies and agricultural markets to the new member states integrations.

Integration of new Member States’ agricultural markets and rural economies to the European Union completed with none predominant inner monetary or social plights. The designed accession method combining massive investments and help programmes in candidate international locations at some point of the pre-accession period confirmed its consequences. Collectively with a valid and balanced outcome of accession negotiations, which positioned improved focus on rural improvement and on moving from marketplace help to direct income guide, this accepted a clean integration of the new Member States into the inner agro-grocery store and the common Agricultural policy (Gryzmala-Busse, 2002). An enlarged EU marketplace has brought many opportunities for farmers and agro-food establishments from all individuals States and has caused expanded intra-network trade and overseas direct investment. Expansion has also reinforced the European Union role in global markets for agricultural produce.

4.2.2.8. New investment opportunities created by enlargement helped enterprises in the old Member States to strengthen their global competitiveness and safeguard jobs at home.

New investment possibilities created by way of enlargement has helped companies within the Member States to reinforce their international competitiveness and safeguard jobs domestically. Expansion has opened, for organizations within the antique Member States, new markets for exports and overseas investment. It has supplied them opportunities to grow their performance and competitiveness. With an adequately educated labor force and legal systems, regulatory and institutional surroundings, new Member States provide many possibilities on this reputation. Even though the restructuring worried might also imply substantial adjustment expenses briefly, they increase the worldwide competitiveness of European Union firms and in the end help, guard jobs and enhance growth all across the EU. Indeed, in numerous sectors (equipment, furnishings, scientific gadgets, and chemicals, timber) investment in the new Member States went hand in hand with employment inside the old participants.

The new Member States workers have benefitted from excellent employment opportunities at home and overseas, although labor migration created monetary and social issues in a number of the new Member States. Financial restructuring, labor markets of the new Member States have staged an extensive-primarily based job restoration that took off in 2003 and created three million new jobs between 2003 and 2007. Consequently, the unemployment rate dropped to degrees equivalent Union thus 7% in 2007. The employment rate has drastically increased to approximately 60% (Bilcik, 2002). Though, persistently excessive lengthy-time period unemployment (at around 56% in 2006, more than thirteen percent points above the common in the old Member States) indicators significant skills discrepancies. Moreover, wages have grown more than productivity in several nations, thereby central to competitiveness losses. Outward labor migration has introduced to these issues in a number of the new Member States (mainly in Lithuania, Romania, Cyprus, and Poland). Labor migration has also raised questions concerning drain, waste, and shortages of labor in different sectors and professions; even though the supply of relatively knowledgeable skills has been improving and growing financial services decreased motivations to work overseas. Furthermore, returning employees tend to carry lower back new skills essential for developing their home country’s economic system. A tremendous outflow of workers additionally led to large remittances from abroad (over 5% of GDP in Bulgaria and Romania and 2% of GDP in Poland) that support the domestic economic growth.

4.2.3 Social Achievements

4.2.3.1. Social spending

European Union gives the fairness, and tiny edition and potential constructing inform of the globalization investment to the member states. The member’s states receiver is soaring of round 25% of GNP big switch and redistribution and social insurances. The union annotation of political, social, monetary and tax team spirit generally primarily based on nationhood and cultural affinity on the level of European Union. Where the European Union is mostly or absent (e.g., social spending), that is an expression of what the Member States and social needs. As noted, this has to do with profound unity notions of the electorate, better employing the lock-in of employees and different beneficiaries from the countrywide welfare states, together with course dependencies, and engrain expectations. Not anything in the final a long time suggests that the countrywide welfare states (along with regulatory elements) are on the way out, even though they cleansed from excesses or also if reforms of some entitlements like pensions have proved to be inevitable (Hughes et al, 2004). Troubles of (monetary) sustainability and equity force welfare states’ reforms among generations, no longer in and by using itself by way of European integration. It is far unlikely that EMU has been decisive both.

It also is going for industrial relations. The present, prudent but fairly productive Social communicate must no longer be brushed off too without problems, because the member associations making up the European Union social companions do not want to cede power, so distinguished at countrywide level, to fragile European procedures, for motives of history, variety and shortage of European-level responsiveness to local troubles and political methods.

4.2.3.2 Free movements & establishment

Keeping with article 39, of the European Union, the free flow of the employees is first-rate. There was no current liberalization until 2001 COM proposals implemented. The dealing with the frontier workers and migration issues accumulates social rights for the migrants. The Union has lessened the discrimination and shielded a great discretion for countrywide restrictive rule 3 over six expansion brought on temporary migration bans.

It is deceptive to assert that the unfastened actions and free established order have triggered a race to the lowest or are a permanent menace to social achievements in European Union international locations. It is not to disclaim that precise sensitivities can get up. The argument about the a-social bias of the internal market allegedly because of a 'neo-liberal time table is difficult to substantiate while the European Union has a self-imposed obligation to keep an excessive degree of social protection (Grabbe, 2006). While the free movement of workers severely curtailed lowering competitive pressures in domestic labour markets, particularly in international locations with high labour prices. While migration in the Union is a situation to host the United States to manipulate, this takes away the aggressive stress for neighbourhood wages. While published people also experience host USA manage for critical components along with fees, and while EU labour market regulation guarantees a minimum degree of social safety and, as to gender rights and occupational health & safety, includes far-accomplishing rules, which have substantially progressed these areas for many workers and beneficiaries. Besides, the Social communicate, and the Lisbon procedure have supported social modernization and offered consultative frameworks, with a few concrete results within the margin.

4.2.3.3 Labour market regulation

The effect of joining on labour markets happens through the linkages depicted in these exchange business models, influencing both the overall costs of producing elements and modern national structures. In this regard, comparable impacts created by expanding item mobility or versatility of generation factor, however the procedures by which distinctive kinds of combination cause these progressions differs. The contrasts between trade integration and by mobility factor are critical concerning the straightforwardness with, and the degree by, which the regulations of labour markets coordinated. Subsequently, and as noted above, the integration factor and trade can have corresponding, substituting or veering impacts on labour markets, contingent upon the hypothetical model utilized. Removing trade barriers has occurred through with the 'broadening' of the community Network - through its expansion with new member States conforming to the acquis communautaire - just as with its developing.

The second system has been by standardizing (instead of removing) regulation barriers to trade over the entire community. While not expanding exchange mostly – except if the standardizing incited a 'levelling-down,' that is viable a procedure of deregulation – it has modified relative national market access Network and along these lines, influenced exchange designs. Standardization has included the utilization of certain standards in specific fields, driving in the end to harmonization of specific policies and strategies (Gryzmala-Busse, 2002). A case where there is no discrimination in operation task has been the collective response of standard of the product as a feature of the Single Market program, whereby (on a basic level) product meets the standard of sale no member state should block from selling the product (Henderson,1999). Harmonization appeared by the rise of normal labor market policies at the level of European Union, as stated in the Social Chapter (especially since the Unified Kingdom has now submitted to measures presented through the Part). In general, the impacts have been to arrange regulation, which empowers related economic conditions and motivating all member States.

4. 3. 0. Factors constraining the Integration of Eastern Europe Countries into EU

Europe’s future is rapidly growing with Migration form a permanent part of it. The factors constraining Eastern Europe countries is the demand for a more effective strategy to enhanced political, social, cultural and economic integration of migrants and the coming generation: Identifying integration constraint from the previous experience enable the rising of active support for the right. Generally, every country has differing integration objectives with the overall strategy of meeting the targets. Further, the EU has some different policies to ensure a useful contribution to the development integration.

4.3.1 Integration experience and Diversity

Hughes et al, (2004) stated that East Europe countries are home to 14 million citizens from the third world countries making an approximate 4% of its total population. Various patterns of integrations experiences and diversity make the EU especially the eastern part more important than just a statistic explore. The movements in EU and EU member countries remain rigorous in specific cities and regions and may continue for years to come. As a consequence, the EU member countries may face barriers of integrating outside the union; a good example is the Portuguese immigrants in the Northern part of Ireland. The British exist (Brexit) is creating hotly contested debates in the Union.

Europe immigration is increasing and currently forming the most significant population components. The migrants are coming from different countries with diverse cultural backgrounds bringing the diversity in Europe (Hughes et al, 2004). However, such diversity also breeds intolerance culture such as the transnational crime like human trafficking, terrorism, corruption and cyber bulling. The free border regulations enable criminals to moves freely from one state to other hindering investigation and deterrence.

Immigrants transfer significant cultural and economic benefits. Some Eastern Europe countries which have joined the Union have a background of success in the labor market and adore positive links with another residence. The old member states perceived the new rules with such talents and capability as a threat to the development. But there is little evidence supporting the fact that they may face disadvantages of all key integration indexes: employment, legal, health, rights, living condition, education, criminal justice as well as civic participation. On top of that, the migrants and the coming generation could be integrated with on aspects of intermarriage as the majority of them are facing discrimination and racism, unemployment.

4.3.2 Impact of migration permanence

One factor that motivates the integration at the EU belated recognition level is migration. The migrant’s workers who fill the labor shortage with skills and expertise making the natives feel unease working alongside the migrants. As a consequence, the overseas students, refugees and family members arriving in the union required incorporation level whether they stay permanent or temporary. The states are now competing for the best skills rendering potential migrants vulnerable for exclusion and discrimination.

The arrival of new ten member states in the EU in 2004, provoked tension because new member states citizens have experiences demanding the equality of the opportunity. The public resentment and difference fear leads to discrimination attributed to the rise in support for right political parties. The increase of the anxiety of the Muslim community especially after the terrorist attack on September 11, international conflict has ensured a vocal hostility towards Muslim in Europe which affect the effectiveness of the integration strategy (Bilcik, 2002). The minority are dissatisfied, alienated individuals especially migrants pursue alternative identity sense and drive-by linking with fundamentalists groups, thus isolates themselves further to the rest of society. Such isolation is easy to brainwashed and become the principal target for the terrorist groups.

4.3.3. The global economic crisis is a significant challenge for new EU member states.

The emergency influences all member States through declining trade, decreased the accessibility of financing, plunging wealth of every household and breaking down certainty. Even though EU membership, and considerably more so euro region membership, gives insurance and a solidness grapple that growth the safe place of financial stability, the crisis puts a substantial premium on sound local policies (Fisher, 2006). All Member states have encountered a credit blast which has developed comparable vulnerabilities, for example, a high reliance on foreign reserve funds and weak financial reports both in the household and corporate areas. The EU is attempting to re-establish stability, straightforwardness, and trust in the economic sectors by not only tending to the most noticeable crisis but as well handling the requirement for a progressively significant change of the administrative and supervisory framework

4.3.4. 'Enlargement Fatigue'

In 2004, EU's enlargement including ten new member states had something to do with it. It was an insecurity and alienation sentiment, ascribed to growth that prompted the Dutch and French rejection of the constitution. The ten new, more unfortunate individuals nations came to by numerous individuals in the old EU states as a potential risk to the occupations, advantages, and support to-grave social advantages they used to. The nations most influenced by that feeling contain the center of the EU's members. France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Italy were the six establishing members of the EU in 1957 (Dimitrova, 2005). Currently, their populaces are decreasing, griping that union failure is a result of the fifth enlargement. Without precedent for some years, candidate nations have not been welcome to a unique EU occasion when the bloc present German president host EU birthday summit in Berlin on 25 March.

4.3.4 Citizens from Practically old member states oppose further enlargement.

The trends of support of the further enlargement by the ideal member states and opposing further expansion by citizens from practically old member states accumulates a 55% against 35% respectively. Spain is the only old member states whose citizens drum support for the fifth enlargement cases contrary to other former member states in the form of Ireland and Portugal (Dimitrova, 2005). The members opposing the further enlargement were estimated more than 60% in eight member states including the five founders. The extreme case was observed in Austria 24% out of 71% with an impressive negative score in German and France recording 28% over 65% and 25% over 68% respectively.

4. 3.5 Turkeys Pours Borders

The entire European Union are facing similar challenges regarding Turkish immigration which initial Germany was countering. The additional of Turkey to the Union means the addition of 74 million Turkish whom most of them are Islamic. The major influx of Turkey’s migrants from the Middle East and Africa uses Turkey as an escape route to Europe (Henderson, 1999). Currently, thousands of illegal immigrates have flooded Europe job and entrepreneur world courtesy of Turkeys porous borders. Consequently, a large number of Asylum-seekers from Africa and Iran entered Turkey yearly and later movers to Europe.

5. 0. Conclusion and Recommendations

The fifth enlargement of the European Union forms a landmark of unifying Europe. It has benefited all citizens across the union. Through active labour sector promotion and enhancement of legal, regulatory framework, standard traditional background, the enlargement has increased the competitiveness and flexibility of the entire European Union. The EU enlargement is batter staged to face a rapid increase in global completion and command world economies. It is better placed to play a vital role in international negotiations and able to respond swiftly to the crisis affecting member states. Majority of researchers have made an excellent contribution on possible explanations resistance of European labour market to potential change. An accumulatively, there is pressure working on the labor aspect which may result in a combination of several factors. For instance, through expansion of firms increases economic scale permitting the use of quantity labour.

Several factors encourage the new member to join the European Union. One of the elements in the political moves attributed by the Western geopolitical interests. The United States, in particular, aspired to cut Russia off rising to global power by supporting and sponsoring other soviet socialist’s society to join European Union, for instance, the accession of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, close Russia neighbors. Perhaps the second most noticeable political move is that Eastern European countries wanted international recognition in EU decision making and trade relations. EU being a peace and Unity symbol it quelled the standing off between Germany and France and reunified the Europe cold war.

The second motives why Easter Europe join the European Union is the economic aspect. They intended to makes war impossible as it highlighted in EU policies. The war creates the financial crisis as was witnessed in 2007-2008. The uplifting of customs duties, tariffs and non-tariffs barriers like abolishing of border control and other technical restrictions reduce the transportation, bank and insurance services enhanced the trade exchange between the member’s states. Increase the safety of economic trade and capital flow as results of partner’s conferences growth, macroeconomic stability and countries involvement attractiveness. Joining EU enable the Eastern European nations like Estonia and Latvia in 2004 to gain access to new markets that offer them significant economic benefits. They become a center for attraction for young low skilled labor to fill the financial gaps. Eastern Europe countries such as Bulgaria and Poland benefit from money being sent home from migrants to their rich western countries.

The final elements of the Eastern European countries joining Europe is the social aspects. The free movements, non-profitable organization, different cultural, and language background full of skill and expertise encourages the Eastern European to join the European Union. They are aware of job creation and massive ability which filled medicines, engineering, economic and marketing gaps. The major social point is the availability of the coal and steel trade creating Europe as the single market to trade their products. The EU social, economic activities contain a range of product and services creates employment opportunities to the citizens of Eastern European countries.

The obstacles to European Union integration agreement strategy includes the fear of public resistance to migrants and the EU interventions on their condition. The first factor is the Integration experience and diversity: European Union faces integration barriers moving out of the European Union. The difference also breeds criminality and transnational crimes. Some of the new members have successful business backgrounds, and creativity causes resistance from the old member states. The second factor is the migration permanence impacts where the immigrants are moving into the EU seeking to fill the available lapse in economic, social, sciences, entrepreneur and engineering sectors face with integration challenges as the EU citizens from the older member states view them as a threat.

The EU firth enlargement first round is declared the most successful and significant instrument of its kind patterning security policy and common foreign policies. EU had failed to seek the direct contributions of citizens terming historical and political elements of enlargement deemed unnecessary. Until the firth enlargement where the overall agreement on development being indisputable necessity has been broken down. Moreover, the benefit of enlargement is a growing trend; underlining is shortcomings and admitting lessons learned. Initial, the EU has ached from lack of consensus making the institutions strategies the expansion that the public and stakeholder must be brought on board though they have responded in a different way to rising enlargement fatigue. While the EU institutions have primarily based their strategy on three principles of better communication to public, consolidation, and conditionality, the most visible evidence is enlargement fatigue is the calling for a referendum by the member states as the case of Britain.

Possible Recommendation

The European Union strategists will have to undertake extra dimension beyond offering a common legal standard and sharing of the information to promote integration. The following are the possible road towards achieving the European Union enlargement goals.

1. Through the establishment of dialogue mechanism and corporation among member states and across common commission’s purpose of developing and sharing good practice on necessary strategy elements of integration like conduction induction platform for new migrates.

2. Frequent review of existing proposed European Union immigration and asylum regulations to confirm that they offer immigrants a secure legal status, responsibilities, and rights reflecting the permanent or temporary situation, and unlimited access to the rights which promote integrations such as family reunification and employment.

3. Leading a balance by taking responsibility to inform public on debates and forums the reasons and purpose why migrants are in Europe by putting the information to the public domain over the contributions they have made, barriers, and correcting misinformation and acknowledge public fear.

4. Creating contacts between people from a diverse cultural and religious background and structuring consensus that racial discrimination is socially intolerable.

5. Spearhead the promotion of common understanding between member states and design effective steps to address inside and outside labor market, through research, data collection, monitoring as well as dissemination.

6. Implement the European Union discrimination policies and ensure the existences of capable bodies to enforce and promote them.

7. Engage stakeholders, member states, NGO’s social partners and organizations of migrants to share ideas and practices, learn from them, and allow them to form part of decision making as a critical element of civic participation.

8. Undertake a policy review to identify policies, budgets, and regulations relevant to integration through employment strategies, health, and social inclusion and ensure integration objectives.

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