UK Same-Sex Civil Partnership Law

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

In 2004, there was the introduction of a new law in the UK, which purposed to approve the idea of same-sex civil union, which was referred to as civil partnership. This law legally allowed gay couples to have equal rights just as heterosexuals (BBC, 2012). In this regard, the same sex couples were allowed to validate on various legal issues like the right to inheritance of the partners, possibility of having a joint income tax return, pension in an instance where death occurred and also the right to have a family through adopting a child, as recognized in the year 2002. Notably, the introduction of this law in 2004 was controversial to the beliefs of many religious groups as they were noted to oppose it. However, David Cameron who was the then prime minister stressed that the law made the UK citizens, irrespective of their sexual orientation to be equal (BBC News, 2014). As evidence to the aforementioned, a recent report made 2018 indicated that a total of 3287 children were adopted by same-sex parents in the UK since 2006 (2015, New Family Social). Portrayal on television has over the years influences the perception regarding same-sex parenting. A primary argument states that television poses as one of the most powerful media in the present world as it impacts on its viewers’ knowledge, and entertainment that in turn reaches out to all social classes. Essentially, television is noted to be relevant in aid of transmitting information that educate individuals. It also poses as an excellent tool of communication that uses images to transmit information. One challenging subject that has been brought in debate today is about sexuality (Branston and Stafford, 2010). It has been surrounded with myths, taboos, as well as preconceptions. Moreover, considering the premise that TV mirrors whatever happens in the society, struggles that are experienced by both majority and minority groups are often reflected in TV programming. Likewise a basic conclusion that most of TV researchers agree upon is that TV programming is notably fundamentally educational, whether it is intended that way or not. It is important to take note of the fact that TV presents messages regarding value, or even or lack thereof, as it concerns groups in the society. Various depictions in specific primetime network TV programming imply that audiences are purposely exposed to a given group of individuals, particularly those that in reality, may be marginalized (Lancashirecare NHS, 2011). This is owing to the fact that it provides a significant opportunity that presents audiences with a significant inside look that focuses on the lives of these kind of individuals. Significantly, integrating such kind of marginalized group to an established TV program or even creating a new kind of show that is centered solely on a marginalized group provides a significant amount of potentiality when building story arcs, as well as character development. Notably, accurate depictions lead to great acceptance and visibility of marginalized groups. These depictions influence attitudes, values, as well as actions of people viewing them (Manchester Metropolitan University, 2017). Looking for further insights on UK Same-Sex Civil Partnership Law? Click here.

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Same-sex couples were first openly shown on TV in the UK in the 1980s. For the sake of clarity, same-sex couple can be lesbians or gays. In this regard, a lesbian is a self-identified woman that is attracted to another woman. On the other hand, a gay is a self-identified may that is attracted to another man. Since 1980s, there have been various types of LGBT characters on the UK TV that have evolved on various fronts. In the society today, it has become common for LGBT characters to be open on who they truly are, and this was not the case as it was 40 years ago. Significant to note, is that fact that this progression has generally been reflected on the UK television (Birmingham City School of Media, 2017). Historically, the LGBT characters were included to depict a villainous presence, or to indicate a comic relief. Suicide is a common theme when discussing LGBT characters. Today TV shows and programs in the UK are purposing to include well-rounded LGBT individual characters, displaying character development rather than being one-dimensional (which is regarded as an important distinction) (Science Daily, 2017). Same-sex parenting in the UK has gained much prevalence in the television, owing to the fact that in 1967, a bill was passed to be a law, and this bill considered homosexuals not to be regarded as criminals in England, as well as Wales (Stonewall, 2013). This was referred to as decriminalization of homosexuality. In the year 1990, it is evident that the World Health Organization purposed to exclude homosexuality from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), and this was considered a public health case, which was investigated as a disease (Drescher, 2015). Since then, it was decided that the issue of homosexuality should be regarded as a sexual orientation, and as such, it was considered healthy, just as heterosexuality. It is significant to take note of the fact that decriminalization, as well as depathologization of homosexuality impacted positively and this led to the present changes that are witnessed in the family concept. Notably, same-sex parenting is just one of the many family configurations that are seen in the present day (Science Daily, 2017).

1.2 Rationale of the Study

Sexuality in the UK has not only posed as a subject of religious or scientific debates, as presently, the then prejudice against LGBTQ’s is continually being broken (Singh, 2017). For this reason, need is created for discussing the themes, as well as representation of the LGBTQs in the UK television. Essentially, representation is noted to be a complex word, in which case, being seen and to be represented in the present world is just a way of acquiring more rights, as well as equality in guaranteeing the dignity of various minority groups (Science Daily, 2017). Arguably, one of the primary roles that media plays is giving space for visibility, as such, this study purposes to provide sufficient visibility of the LGBTQs in the UK. In order to assist in constructing new kinds of families such as those in which same-sex parents are raising children, it is vital that the media (preferably television) provides visibility by airing documentary films, show presenters, of TV series. This introduces the idea of diversity and equality for the individuals that are nor familiar homosexuals (Singh, 2017). Moreover, this study is also essential, owing to the fact that issues that relate to gender, as well as sexuality are increasingly becoming present in the current social dimensions, with a room being set aside for the representation and voicing of the LGBTQ movement. This study purposes to provide significant discussion that provides the need to focus much on LGBTQ movement, which thus provides meaning to certain perspectives found in social dimensions (Stonewall, 2013).

1.3 Research Aims and Objectives

Recent developments that are noted in the social battlefield on same-sex parenting have led to a significant portrayal of same-sex parents TV advertisements in the UK, in support of their marriage and parenting (Stonewall, 2013). Notably, this contentious issue regarding same-sex parenting stems right from the history of political beliefs, legal restrictions, as well as moral values regarding who should be granted the right to marry. The television portrayal has over the past years play essential roles in campaigning in support of same-sex parenting (Science Daily, 2017). Of importance to note is the fact that television portrayal in the UK on same-sex couples supports marriage equality, which then depicts same-sex couples in certain ways, thus providing the audience with compelling, as well as persuasive portrait of gay or lesbian relationships, as well as family life (Branston and Stafford, 2010). In light of the aforementioned, the aim of this study is as presented below: To investigate the visibility that television in the UK gives as regarding same-sex parenting. In a quest to meet the aim of the study, the objective of this study is as follows:

To raise awareness on the issue of same-sex parenting, which has had a significant rise in the UK for the last five years

To help enable the construction of same-sex parenting to be viewed as a positive image, without any form of prejudice

To produce and film, thus increasing the representation of same-sex parenting on television in the UK

1.4 Research Question

In order to meet the objectives of this study and consequently the aim, this paper looks deep into answering the following research question:

In what way is same-sex parenting portrayed in the contemporary UK television advertisements?

1.5 Problem Statement

The research question for this study has purposed to create a gap, which has been identified in this research field. Often, many researchers focus much on the representation of LGBTQ people and not on families. For this reason, this paper has identified that lack of research, and as such, has purposed to study deeply on that subject. Of importance is the fact that this is with the purpose of raising awareness on same-sex parenting in the UK and thus, increase the visibility, inclusion, as well as acceptance of such kind of families in the British society (Lancashirecare NHS, 2011). This study looks into building limited prior research and in this regard, it purposes to provide an overview, as well as historical account of LGBT families on the UK television. Notably, the manner in which LGBT parents are perceived on TV can purpose to influence the way in which the general public perceived the demographic (Manchester Metropolitan University, 2017). This study thus provides an awareness on various LGBT couples as shown in the UK television since time immemorial to the present times. The researcher has the primary goal of providing a cumulative focus on LBGT families as they are presented on the past, as well as the present TV and also, why and how such kind of presentations have changed. Whilst a majority of mainstream TV programs is still focusing on white, and heterosexual families, as well as people, it is evident that as the UK families are evolving, so should TV depict them (Birmingham City School of Media, 2017).

1.6 Structure of the Study

In an attempt to portray same-sex parenting in the UK as perceived in the television, this study will start by providing a detailed introduction, which outlines the background of the study, the rationale of the study, the research aims, as well as objectives, the research question, problem statement and the structure of the study. Following this, the paper will provide the literature review, based on theoretical perception of various scholars. In this regard, the literature review will provide the theoretical framework of the subject. Following this, this paper will provide the methodology, which will purposely outline the methods, as well as techniques of data collection. This will provide the manner in which the documentary film will be produced for this study. The following chapter will be on results and discussion, in which case, this paper will bring forth findings and thus, provide a discussion that is backed up with information from the literature review. Finally, this study will provide a definitive conclusion, which will summarize the content of the paper. Moreover, the conclusion will show evidence that the aims and objectives of the paper have been met, and thus provide recommendations, implications for future studies, as well as the limitations for this study.

2.0 Literature review

2.1 Introduction

This section provides a significant summary on the existing literature on inclusion of same-sex parenting and how television in the UK provides its portrayal. In This regard, this chapter will provide a discussion of the laudable, yet seemingly problematic integration of same-sex parents into the UK television and also provide a discussion on how people perceive their same-sex families. The first section of this chapter will elaborate what various relevant studies provide on media inclusiveness regarding same-sex couples as individuals and how these kinds of representations purpose to uphold stereotypes. This section will also provide a significant representation of same-sex couples and families, which emerge as a part of a gradually growing body of mediatized images. Following this, this chapter will provide a theoretical framework, on same-sex couples and parenting and its portrayal into the UK television. Overall, it is significant to take note of the fact that these discussions are vital for this study, owing to the fact that they provide fundamental insights, based on the current research in regards to gay/lesbian representations.

2.2 Queer History

Queer history emerged during the 1980s, based on the theoretical references of the studies conducted by Michael Focault as well as Jacques Derrida (Spargo, 1999). Notably, queer history requires the power connected to the invocation, relating to insults, as pathologies, and thus, represents the transgression, whilst linking it to a heteronormative society that highlights social, as well as cultural reality of the excluded minority group, especially the homosexuals. Notably, this word “queer” was a term used in insulting gay individuals. However, the LGBTQ people have been able to appropriate it, as they have created a connotation that empowers the gay class. In accordance with the writings of Spargo (1999), queer theory should not be regarded as a singular or a systematic conceptual, or even a methodological framework, but it should be regarded as a collection of significant intellectual engagements that has a relation between sexual desire, sex, as well as gender (1999, p.9). Overall, it is noteworthy that this theory purposes to affirm that sexual orientations, as well as gender are social constructs and as such, they should not be grouped under biological issues. This theory was noted to be important and as such, it gained power whilst resisting against the heteronormativity (Manchester Metropolitan University, 2017).

2.3 Same-sex couples’ representation in the UK Television

Whilst research focusing on media representations recently purposes to include the depiction of same-sex couples, it is evident that the presence of LGBTQ individuals on TV is not a recent phenomenon. A complex relationship exists between gays and lesbians, especially in cinema, which dates back in the early 1895, with the show on William Dickson’s film, ‘The gay brothers’ (Fejes and Petrich 1993). This short film featured two men who were dancing together. During this time, same-sex couples were portrayed negatively, based on the homosexual subtexts that were presented in the then films and as such, homosexuality was at times used as a tool for accentuating the sinisterness, or rather, the evilness of a given character. Research then concludes that television provides a significant site, aiding in the achievement, as well as contestation, as it is a site where same-sex couples once faced cases of exclusion, and recently, they are being represented stereotypically to be having a negative portrayal, which consequently effect the perception of viewers on homosexuality Calzo and Ward 2009, cited in Avila-Saavedra 2009). Prior to the year 1970, it is evident that there was almost no same-sex couples that could be found on televisions, and their absence from the screens was noted until in the early 1990s (Fisher et al., 2007). This is during the decade where same-sex characters emerged to be 8 televisual world members. According to the provisions of Calzo and Ward (2009), this is a decade where same-sex characters were noted to have a significant mainstreaming impact on audiences, and as such, increased exposure to television purposed to influence groups that had a disparate perspective towards having a more similar attitude, as regarding homosexuality. Moreover, according to Hart (2000), he also makes a conclusion that negative portrayals of homosexuals influenced the beliefs of viewers regarding people with this kind of personalities. Additionally, those having limited firsthand evidence regarding same-sex couples in their daily lives are most likely susceptible towards the messages that are being disseminated by the mediated representations of same-sex couples, and their chosen lifestyles. Not only has sexuality been regarded as a subject of either scientific or religious debates. This is owing to the fact that presently, there have been prejudices fighting against LGBTQ, which are being broken. For this reason, the significance of the discussion revolving around this themes, as well as representation of LGBTQs in the UK television is vital. Representation is seen to be a complex term, as being seen and also being represented in the present world poses as a way of acquiring more right, as well as more equality in guaranteeing the dignity of specific minority groups. Arguably, one of the most crucial roles that media plays presently is giving space that enables visibility. In order to aid in constructing a new form of family like same-sex parents that raise children, it is significant that the media (TV) provides visibility to LGBTQ families in the UK in a form of TV series, show presenters, or documentary films. Of importance to note, is that this introduces an idea of diversity for some individuals that are not familiar homosexuals.

Presently, the representation of same-sex couples is gradually increasing, as such kind of themes are often raised in TV discussions. However, many shows in TV continually build and also purpose to maintain various stereotypes of LGBTQ individuals. Notably, at the same time, there are other TV shows that focus on interviews, in order to open doors to biased statements, which are regarded to be much closer to hate speech. Presently, there is a new norm in the UK TV of shows featuring gay couples that attempt to start their families and focus on parenting by the aid of a surrogate mother, which thus redefine the existing standard of normalcy, whilst referring to a family structure (NBC 2013). However, Thomas (2013) makes it clear that whilst putting a consideration to a mere sitcom, such kind of shows have been cancelled amidst controversies alongside various primetime shows, which include gay/lesbian storylines. Clearly, great slides in the UK TV inclusions have been significantly made whilst referring to visibility and there is a slight nuanced portrayal of the life of gays and lesbians. However, it is evident that all is not well as considering the world of same-sex couple representation. It is vital to put into emphasis, the fact that the change in the manner in which LGGTQs are significantly portrayed on televisions in are presently being noticeable (Branston and Stafford, 2010). For instance, in the past, there were stereotyped secondary characters that prevailed in the televisions, for example, the gay men were portrayed as camp, or even the lesbians that were always dressed in male clothes were regarded as masculine. Presently, these characters have purposed to take the roles of protagonists, however, this is not in all channels on television (Lancashirecare NHS, 2011). In the Television show that was hosted by Larry Grayson in the 1970s and 80s, the show made it clear that being homosexual implied that an individual was effeminate and also funny and this was regarded as something that was negative, or undesirable. Notably, Larry Grayson was a known comedian, as he was well-known for his unique phrases, for instance, ‘what a gay day!’ Evidently, he was not considered to be openly gay, but he was amongst the first television presenters that used homosexuality in making humor, thus making a great impact of the culture in Britain (Birmingham School of Media, 2017). Over the years, England has always presented an extensive guideline calendars that are connected to the LGBTQ population, and much concern has been given to the statistics of the recent years, especially in the political field and in the conquest of same-sex couples’ marriages since 2014. There are issues that relate to gender, as well as sexuality, which are increasingly becoming present in various social discussion, giving room for the representation, and voicing of the LGBTQ movement (Birmingham City School of Media, 2017). Although, it is still noticeable that there is a conservative movement that tries to stop such kind of advances. Whilst various social movements that are connected to the struggle against prejudice depict growth, as well as purpose to promote sexual diversity acceptance, it is clear that more traditional societal sectors are renewing their guidelines, with campaigns, as well as speeches, which are seeking a resumption of various traditional values (ITV, 2018). The TV portrayal of LGBTQ individuals is continually being judges, owing to the fact that same-sex couples have a different perception on the way they are being represented on the UK Television. In accordance to a research that the BBC (2012) conducted in the year 2012, approximately 40 per cent of individuals indicated that the UK TV features contents related to LGBTQ. On the other hand, 40 per cent of them had no view, whereas just 20 per cent of them had the opinion that it is not important (BBC, 2012). In line with this, another research that Stonewall (2013) conducted highlighted that approximately 57 per cent of same-sex couples indicated that there is only a little portrayal of them of the television, whereas 49 per cent of them indicated that they think the current portrayal of LGBTQ individuals in the UK television does not exist in totality. Based on this research, it is evident that 77 per cent of individuals in the UK believe that the television relies majorly on stereotypical portrayal of LGBTQ individuals.

2.3.1 The first UK daddies: The documentary

The first UK daddies is also known as the 21st century family, where Tony and Barrie were considered the first same-sex couple that had their names as the legal parents to a child in the child’s birth certificate in the UK. By the aid of surrogacy and use of a donated egg, they were able to start building their family. 4 years later, they used another surrogate and the same egg donor in generating their third child. By 2020, this couple had twins after the same woman conceived them the third child, however, this was from a different donor. Notably, this family has been able to feature in a documentary called ‘Gay dads real stories,’ which was first broadcasted in 2000 prior to the time that the same-sex civil union happened to be legalized in the country (UK) (Drescher, 2015). Today, this documentary is on YouTube, and as such, a netnography has already been conducted in aid of investigating the reaction of the audience towards the film. Evidently, there are some negative, as well as homophobic comments, which have been identified like “why can’t they simply adopt.” This kind of comment suggests that the couple should not have to do surrogacy. On the contrary, there are some positive comments that purposely grab attention such as “I don’t comprehend why people are complaining about some homophobic comments,” and “Isn’t everyone allowed to have self-opinion?” Notably, this comment provides the suggestion that people ought to be allow to provide their individual opinions, even in an instance where the opinion is homophobic, and as such, clearly expresses hate. On the same note, another one would say, “same-sex couples should never have kids, it is disgusting how kids are abused these days.” Clearly, this comment entails a direct voice tone that expresses the hate for same-sex couple families. However, it is evident that most of the comments are positive as their purpose to congratulate the parents, and stress that they support the new family structures, especially whilst considering a curious and interesting comment that expresses love by highlighting that “love is what matters, parenting has no gender” (YouTube, 2017).

2.4 UK advertisements featuring gay parents

2.4.1 Lloyds Bank Advert

Recently in the year 2016, an advertisement on Lloyds bank television portrayed various life events of different people and thus, suggested that the bank purposed primarily to support its customers in their next life step. This advert featured a gay couple, whereby, one was proposing marriage to the other one. It was launched 2 years after the law on same-sex parenting changes, which then allowed same-sex couples to engage in marriage. Notably, this advertisement was as well published on YouTube, although the comments it had on YouTube were hidden, in order to avoid any form of homophobic manifestations (Pink News, 2016). The advert generated lots of discussions on various social platforms, especially by religious groups. The marketing director of this television network (Lloyds), known as Catherine Kehoe stated that TV network had built a campaign on various phenomenal successes of the 250th anniversary campaign. This showed how the television network was going to stand by their customers, thus, giving them financial confidence, for them to be able to have a take on their next step. In this regard, the market director noted the following, “We have been able to adopt a contemporary, and also a distinctive approach that focuses on diverse, and at times challenging moments in the lives of our customers presently” (Duffy, 2016). Notably, this company is also famous for the support that it provides to LGBTQ individuals. In addition, one important statement provided in their website notes that “If we are to become the best bank for customers then we must ensure that this vision is inclusive of the LGBT community”

2.4.2 Tesco’s Christmas Advert 2017

Significantly, Tesco supermarket produced the Christmas advertisement, and it has received a lot of criticism online. Notably, this advert purposes to feature various kinds of families and this includes the Muslim family and the gay-couple families together with their baby. Evidently, some of the comments that this advert has received on YouTube since the time it was posted are very aggressive, owing to the fact that the Muslim family is portrayed as they celebrate Christmas. Moreover, there are other negative comments because the supermarket portrays a gay family in Christian video, yet that depicts the celebration of Christ birth. Some of the comments affirm that it is an Anti-Christ Advert, or that people will boycott the supermarket, or even that other customers might never buy at Tesco ever again (Lancashirecare NHS, 2011).

2.4.3 Sainsbury’s Christmas Advert 2017

Sainsbury’s also came up with a Christian advertisement that portrays different kinds of families and this includes a same-sex couple family (gay family). The same family in the advert was involved in the Audi advert that was launched in the UK in the year 2018. In the course of this research, it is evident that this family had been interviewed, and as such, Michael Johnson-Ellis together with his husband Wes Johnson- Ellis made it clear that they thought the manner in which people perceived same-sex couples had changed, owing to the manner in which those families were being portrayed in the media. Moreover, they as well mentioned that celebrities that were openly same-sex couples and also happened to raise their children are as well aiding in changing the way people perceived such kind of families (Sainsburys, 2017). Recently, and Olympic diver, known as Tom Dailey made a public announcement that he would raise a child with his husband. After the announcement, many people went to social media platforms, with the aim of expressing their regret, as most of them had mean, and homophobic comments like “poor baby will be denied the opportunity to spend time with the mother. Others made comments like “The world is coming to an end” and others, “Men cannot have children.” Notably, it is important highlighting the roles of various alternative sources of information such as video logs, as well as blogs where LGBTQ issues are addressed in detail, and this should be compared to the space that television provides to such themes (Sainsburys, 2017). Notably, it provides a voice to individuals from the LGBTQ community, to be able to frequently write on blogs, as well as websites and/or record various video logs. Of importance to note, is the fact that YouTube video channels that are recorded by LGBTQ individuals often contribute to the enhancement of a greater visibility of the LGBTQ community, which are at most times, neglected by other medias like TV You (Tube, 2017).

2.5 Viewers’ perception on same-sex parenting and its portrayal on television

In the study conducted by Raley and Lucas (2006), these two scholars are questioned as to whether or not, the inclusion of same-sex couple characters on TV purposes to contribute to a reduction in the rate of stereotypes regarding same-sex couples individuals and their families. There is evidence of improvement in the perception/image of the same-sex couples and this includes the fact that there is a finding that stresses that stereotypical images of same-sex couples as child molester implies that same-sex couples should not be trusted with children (Raley and Lucas 2006). This is supplemented by a gradually increasing portrayal of the interaction between same-sex couples with heterosexual individuals on television. Notably, these kind of advances often reflect on a small rate of movement, which is in the positive direction, owing to the fact that most representations of same-sex couples’ representation in the media continue in perpetuating stereotypes (Calzo and Ward, 2009). In an instance where the representation of same-sex couple characters on television purposes to constitute what viewers know regarding gay/lesbian people, then it is evident that their characters ought to be analyzed in a critical manner, especially whilst considering the messages that they convey to the public (viewers). Moreover, how people understand the lives of same-sex couples can be significant shaped by the representations, as well as images that they see on TV shows, and other media outlets, especially for the individuals that are unfamiliar with the actual lives of the same-sex couples (Calzo and Ward 2009; cited in Gibson, and Ivory 2009). However, it is evidently posited that media representations of same-sex couples do affect the audience in certain ways. Notably, the influence of these kinds of representations is regarded to be more extreme, especially in audience members that have little or no interaction with same-sex couple individuals in their daily lives (Hart, 2004; cited in Holz Ivory et al. 2009). Of importance to also note is that fact that there are a few positive and also accurate representations of various media outlets, which necessitates for a critical and significant analysis of these kind of images, as well as the messages that are contained for the audience. Studies that talk about homosexuality representations often reveal the prejudice that is still prevalent in the present society, in which sexuality has failed to conform to the expected traditional logic. In this regard, the traditional logic is only defined by significant biological characteristics of either a male or a female as normal and also legitimate. Notably, this is often expressed in a violent manner against these kind of groups. Clearly, even though presently, there is a vast representation of homosexuals in TV, there are many people that are still against same-sex couples and on this light, most of them religiously argue that those kind of couples should not be allowed to raise children, owing to the fact that they can influence the sexuality of a child. Various studies indicate that children are never meant to be gay, because of their children. Moreover, others also argue that such kind of children might suffer from homophobic bullying at their respective schools, and this is regarded as in fact a reality. However, it is worth noting that does not make these kind of children to be different from the rest, owing to the fact that any child can face bullying in school because of various factors such as weight, hair, the manner in which they dress, amongst other factors. Significantly, homosexual, as well as heterosexual parents ought to be responsible towards teaching their children not to engage in any form of bullying and as such, they should be able to accept the idea of diversity. In accordance with the British government, there was the LGBT Action plan, introduced in 2018, which mandates that LGBTQ individuals in the public eye should be well represented. This action plan aided in normalizing the experiences of LGBTQ individuals in the UK and on the same note, it was against homophobic, transphobia, as well as biphobia. Overall, it is evident that the acceptance of same-sex relationship is high and continually grows among the public, as 64 per cent of the population in Britain indicate that same-sex relationships were regarded as normal in the year 2016. However, the same survey also points out that LGBTQ individuals are not feeling comfortable in their stay in the UK (Government Equalities Office, 2018).

2.6 Theoretical framework

This section of the literature review provides the merging of various theoretical foundations, which underlie this study. In this regard, this section will first discuss the proliferation of the concept of sexual discourse and the manner in which it leads to the proliferation with regards to same-sex couples. Notably, the production of sexual discourses is vital in understanding the manner in which proliferation of discourses on same-sex couples, as well as same-sex marriages are produced by various people seeking to repress it. Following this, there will be the discussion of the manner in which Stuart Hall, and his established theories, based on ideology, purposes to inform the media analysis part of this study. Finally, in concluding this section, Hall’s theories, based on ideology, as well as Foucault’s perspectives will be merged on discourse, with the aim of explaining the manner in which ideology informs, and is as well informed by discourse and vice versa.

2.6.1 Michel Foucault &Sexual Discourse

In the context of marriage, it is evident that sexuality is regarded as something that can be repressed by a given opposition, given significant, yet firm stances, which reject efforts that purpose to allow same-sex marriage, as well as family formation. Evidently, homosexuality is represented as something that ought to be kept at bay, in order to preserve the natural institution of the normalized heterosexual marriage (Spargo, 2000). The repressive tactics, as well as messages regarding anti-marriage equality activists continually increase, thus making it easier buying into the conclusion that generally, sexuality is considered as something that had been and may often be repressed. However, it should be noted that Michel Foucault (1987) purposes to offer a contrary perspective, thus stressing on the fact that sexuality is experiencing a discursive proliferation, instead of just repression. Notably, this perspective is being used in understanding various reasons that justify the expedition proliferation of various images, as well as stories that support marriage equality. Instead, it is worth noting that same-sex couples, whilst considering their lives, they have experiences a highly increases level of inclusion in various mediatized images, as well as advertisements in the equality sector of pro-marriage. In accordance with the writings of Foucault (1978), he makes it clear that the western society fascinates with sexuality, and as such, has focuses on the opinion that sexuality is a matter that had over the years been, and will continue to be, as numerous institutions that use various repressive methods repress it. Furthermore, Foucault provides an explanation that this conception of a sexuality that is repressed is just a misunderstanding of the sexuality history. Instead, he goes ahead an also provides an argument that sexuality had over the years experiences a discursive explosion, which is a steady proliferation of various discourses that are concerned with sex. He notes that the discursive explosion has significantly emerged despite various repressive practices of controlling institutions (Spargo, 2000). Notably, what has happened is just an increase in the manner in which people comprehend, and thus, discuss the issue of sexuality, increased discourses that handle various sexual desires, capabilities, as well as actions. In applying this theory to debates that are concerned with marriage equality, it is seen that the endless efforts towards controlling marriage have purposed to spark an increase in the rate of representations of same-sex relationships, this providing another significant way of comprehending the issue of sexuality, of marriage, as well as families.

Owing to the fact that a family is a unity that is considered to be a sexuality anchor, it is evident that there are ever-changing family roles, when putting into consideration, a conduit of various sexual conversations, as well as discourses in a vital area of inquiry. This is owing to the recent shift in family structures, which often includes same-sex couples. Based on a contemporary form, it is clear that a family serves as a significant site, where various polymorphous power techniques ensure that sexuality purposes to combine what Foucault refers to as alliance deployments, as well as sexuality (Foucault, 1987). Of importance to note, is the fact that alliance deployment conveyed a significant structured approach towards sexuality, as it purposes to abide by, and also uphold various significant laws. The laws distinguish between the concept of ilicit and elicit, and also the acceptable and the non-acceptable forms of sexuality, which deviate from the futurity of sexuality, marriage, as well as the transmission of property and also names. The influx that is associated with sexual discourse has significant prompted the significant emergence of sexuality deployment, which is notable a system that offers a fluid, an also an expanding approach to pleasure, as well as power mechanisms (Spargo, 2000). Essentially, the distinguishing characteristics are vital to take note of in this study, owing to the fact that they combine both the alliance system, and the sexuality in same-sex relationships and families. Notably, this study aims at analyzing various ways in which the alliance systems, as well as sexuality in general is conveyed, which in turn elucidates, the discourses, as well as power of being reproduced, and also upheld in advertisements that pertain to marriage equality in the UK. By utilizing the significant concepts that are provided by Foucault’s theories that are associated with discourse, as well as expansive capabilities, it is clear that advertisements that are for, or against equality whilst putting a consideration into marriages purposes to encompass various discursive qualities, which have bene aforementioned (Science Daily, 2017). However, it is evident that Foucault clearly dismissed the necessities that are associated with illuminating various ideologies that are behind discursive practices, and as such, he has altogether, dismissed the ideology, based on various reasons. Of importance to take note of is the fact that this study purposes to place the issue of ideology, and as such considers it as a central tenet, useful in analysis. As such, it focuses on finding ways in which various discourses assist in the proliferation of various ideologies that are associated with homosexuality, and much specifically, the issue pertaining marriage equality, and same-sex relationships and their families. The vitality of ideology, whilst considering media analysis can never be in any way understated, owing to the fact that ideology is significant and is deeply embedded within various images that are being presented to audiences through TV, and in itself, it has various significant transformative capabilities, based on the manner in which people perceive various specific objects (Science Daily, 2017). In this regard, Stuart Hall provides a prominent perspective, based on ideology, and media generally, and as such, it serves as a major theory that anchors this study.

2.6.2 Stuart Hall and the Media

In accordance with the writings of Hall (1980b), he makes it clear that media is regarded as a major influence on culture, as well as ideology, as it aids in defining (re)production, as well as transformation of major ideologies of audiences. Being relatively, diverse and also having a vague term, media refers to a communication channel through with individuals send and also receive messages (Livesey 2011). Being a mass media product, marriage equality advertisements were constructed, with the aim of them being distributed and also consumed in large numbers by individuals, as well as various groups. In an instance where the messages have bene put in their discursive form and thus consumed by audiences, the message that is received is then transformed into significant social practices, for the communication circuit to be regarded as complete. Notably, the audiences towards which the media content is directed are often not composed of a kind of individuals that are passive and merely receiving either cultural or political messages. They consist of individuals from varied social locations who rather than just consuming messages from the media, they actually purpose to read the messages, and engage in what Hall is referring to as a process of media messages decoding. Hall (1980b) points out that the analysis of media have recently focused on social locations of members of the audience, as well as their orientations towards the media forms and this includes the manner in which members of the audience decode certain programs, as well as media content. Clearly, media studies have purposed to invest much attention of the role that TV plays rather than just the headline news, as well as current affairs programs, thus indicating a broad range of various media outlets, which have potential impacts on ideologies, as well as common senses of the audiences. It is worth noting that the linearity of significant traditional communication media, whereby a message travels from a sender to a receiver purposes to simplify an incredibly complex communication circuit. According to Hall (1980b), he accurately conceptualizes significant discursive circulation of messages, as well as meanings through sign-vehicles and this is done by offering a complex communication system. The TV communication process often begins with the process of production, in which case, the message is constructed. Notably, the production process according to Hall is significantly framed by ideas, as well as meanings, which influence and also potentially govern the process of production of the constructed messages. Both the production and construction of TV imagery is regarded to be complex, owing to the fact that the audience acts as the source of the messages constructed, and the also the receivers, as well as interpreters of given messages (Hall 1980a).

Audiences often influence the process that involves the production of the very messages, which are created for their interpretation. In this regard, owing to the diversity of the interpretations of the audiences, audio-visual media producers must bring forth a product, which can increase a specific message’s certainty, which is being received as it is intended. Based on the context of this study, it is evident that the production of marriage equality advertisements that are both for and also against, purpose to be subject to the rules of a given discourse, thus implying that the process of production is influenced by a given framework, on discursive, as well as ideological levels. Notably, whilst this study may be unable to testify, based on the technical knowledge that is behind the productive processes, and also routines, it is clear that what this study purposes to do is to seek to accomplish, whilst analyze various potential influences of the entire productive process. Particularly, the assumptions regarding the audiences, the existing knowledge concerning the existing institutions, as well as the assumptions based on social and historical conditions are some significant and influential aspects of the process of production, which can be observed only in marriage equality advertisements. Importantly, the ideological aspects of the production are noted to be equally vital, just as the technical aspects, thus, they require careful, as well as detailed analysis. According to Hall (1980a), the encoded messages, which have been produced specifically with a given intended message that ought to be interpreted should be disseminated though a meaningful discourse, for it to be meaningfully decoded. In this regard, the discourses by which these meanings are disseminated should be meaningful, such that the audience should have significant and shared understanding of the entire discourse that is being used, or the meanings, as well the nuances, which can easily be lost. Notably, the broadcasting structure, based on a determinate moment often uses already existing codes, which then yield significant messages for the audiences, especially if they are coded correctly. Essentially, codes represent a significant framework, used in comprehending and interpreting, as they consist of systems, which have carefully constructed signs that promote a specific way of comprehending and also processing TV representations, based on a reality. However, it is evident that Hall rejects the concept of determinism, as he notes that there is neither a linear, nor a guaranteed relation existing between the process of encoding and decoding. In this regard, in the linear, there is a direct relationship existing between decoding and encoding, which results into a perfect communication circuit, whereby, the encoder (those that are in charge of the media outlet) can then be assured that the message would be decoded in a manner intended, and moreover, the audience is acting within a dominant code. Owing to the fact that this is never the case for Hall, it is clear that the decoder plays an active role in the process of communication, thus making the encoder’s role to be more critical, especially towards tailoring the products of the television to the members of the audience. Whilst advertisements that support marriage equality often focuses on securing the rights for marriage, for LGBTQ individuals, it is evident that these messages, put in an audio-visual format are informed by significant ideologies that are reflected in the product that is finished. As such, the message might be clear, as they give same-sex couples their right to marry, or even keep the marriages between women and men. Although, it is clear that than can never be assumed to be an only message that ought to be taken from these kinds of advertisements, owing to the fact that there are many ways by which audience members can perceive and also comprehend these advertisements, due to individual’s varied social positions. Equally important, it is clear that there are various layers of meanings that need to be encoded at the end of the production, of the process of communication as various elements of advertisements, which ought to be pieced together. The manner in which the message is conveyed poses as a vital part of the process of communication. This study is then considered to analyze advertisements that are for or against equality in marriage, in order to see the way in which ideologies influence the manner in which these kinds of messages are constructed, and what the constructions ‘say’ regarding various meaningful discourses that are laid within these advertisements.

2.6.3 Bridging Ideology and Discourse

The ideology, which Stuart Hall espouses is the one that this study will use. He defines ideology as significant mental frameworks, which include languages, categories, thought imagery, representation systems, as well as concepts that different classes as well as social groups deploy, in making sense of, defining, figuring out, and rendering intelligibility in a way, in which the society works (Hall, 1986b). What significantly summarizes the approach of Hall towards ideology is that various ideological categories such as consumer, freedom and producer are not determined in a single effect or cause of line. Notably, some interpretations of Marxism, which classify ideology as a manifestation of various bourgeoisie thought, which are reflective of a given economic determinism that is at the center of their thinking. The rigid characteristics of the ideology conception is contested by language, as well as discourse, as the mediums by which the ideologies are purposely expressed are not fixed and thus belong to a chain of significant meanings, which are adaptive, and also fluid to change. There lacks certainty or security and no economic omnipotence by which ideology stands to be inextricably hinged, but simply a relative openness, as well as relative indeterminacy, which renders the possibility of ideological development. Although Hall (1986b) resists the concept of economic determinacy, he has a belief that various ideas may emerge from, and thus, reflect the conditions the material to which social groups exists. Through material conditions, it is clear that Hall refers to tendential historical relations, as well as the social terrain, which might influence varied ideologies of a given social group espouses. Notably, the historical terrain of a specific context says that UK’s history of rejecting equality in marriage initiatives, its diverse, religious populations or history that is largely democratic and also progressive might dictate, or even influence a given ideological terrain. Moreover, the popular history of a state indicates and perpetuates certain ideologies and various shifts in ideologies regarding the property, as well as acceptability of family building and even same-sex marriages. Having summarized Hall’s utilization of ideology, it is of great importance for this study to reconcile the oppositional stance, which Foucault purposes to display towards ideology, which is a helpful concept. To begin with, it is evident that Foucault has brought forth three major concerns related to ideology and its use in terms of characterizing the formation of knowledge, as well as power in different social relations. Firstly, according to Howarth (2002), he finds out that ideology is a distinction of a given truth, as well as non-truth, thus implying that ideology stands whilst opposing something else, which counts as truth. On a second note, he finds out that ideology pre-supposes a single, and also a unified subject, which could either remain deceive by a break free, or an ideology from a given ideological constraints towards reach enlightenment and also finds the ‘truth’ that has been mentioned previously (Howarth 2002). Lastly, it is evident that Foucault finds out that it is objectionable that the concept of ideology is highly reductionist, and as such, it allows the economic sphere to be able to dictate all significant social relation aspects (Howarth 2002). Notably, each of these objections that have been proposed towards ideology can easily be ameliorated by use of Hall’s ideological concepts, thus enabling the two theorists to be in unison, for the significant purpose of this study. In order to address the first objection of Foucault, it is clear that the explanations of 'the market,' according to Hall (2986a) as well as the ‘distortions’ of Marx are clearly pointed out. In its existence (Hall 1986a) points out that, the market exists as an ideological framework, which is not fixed together in a way that is unalterable understanding. As such, this implies that there exists no affirmed, and also an immovable line existing between the two.

Notably, whilst Foucault objects class power, as well as class interests that are regarded as the sole knowledge arbitrators, it is clear that Hall too, as previously mentioned, purposes to object to single line determination, existing between class and knowledge. Clearly, the privileging of economic realm, which is a structure of knowledge, as well as class divisions is much secure and also rigid for Hall and Foucault, owing to the fact that their beliefs based on relational characterization of both power and knowledge. It is worth noting that neither of the theorists disagree with the opinion that there is no social practice, or rather a set of relations that floats free, whilst considering the determinate impacts of concrete relations within which they are located. According to Hall (1986a), Foucault believes in various historical formations of comprehensions, which are evidenced in his significant discussion of the transformation of knowledge, as well as sexual discourse over time and also during given time periods. In an attempt to reconcile the above mentioned theorists, there is need to use both ideology, and also discourse in a specific way, purposing to complement each other. Based on the idea of discourse and ideology, it is clear that both concepts free from rigidity, as well as fixed understanding and are now much relational in the manner in which they operate in the construction, as well as dissemination of both knowledge and dispersion of various power loci. Hall having used the Gramsci concepts that involve hegemonic processes also indicates similarities to the concept of power that Foucault uses. In this regard, according to Hall (1986a) noted the idea of ideological struggle is a struggle connected to hegemony, which is defined as the process in which a historical bloc, relating to social forces is significantly constructed and as such, the ascendancy of that given bloc is secured. The process entails effectively coupling various dominant ideas with a historical bloc, which is ascending to a hegemonic power, based on its particular historical moment. Similar to this, Foucault based his focus on power relations and as such, he noted that within such given contexts, the signifiers, as well as discourse of certain interpretative communities are dominant and also privileged, whereas others are marginalizes. According to Chandler (2014), by use of these kinds of understandings relating to ideology, codes, hegemony, as well as discourse, it is evident that this ventures purpose to bring into togetherness, an analysis of various political advertisements that regard equality in marriage. This is in order to comprehend the manner in which these four concepts are connected to one another in a more re-structuring and re-constituting of power.

3.0 Methodology

3.1 Introduction

Methodology provides a rational, as well as systematic procedure aimed at providing answers to the proposed problems. This chapter will provide the research design, the techniques and methods of the research, the participants used for the study, and the participants for the study. Moreover, the timescale used in the production of a documentary film will be provided. Finally, the chapter will provide the ethical considerations used in this research. These are as provided below:

3.2 Research design

This study used qualitative research method in analyzing and scrutinizing the depictions of same-sex parents on the UK television. By having a set of various factors that ought to be observed in each depiction, it is worth noting that this study provided a precise overview of what is displayed to viewers. Essentially, qualitative research is not in any way connected to numerical representativeness (Patton, 1999; cited in Olsen, 2018). However, it is concerned with a deepened understanding of a given social group (Schreier, 2012). In this regard, qualitative research is thus concerned with various reality aspects, which cannot be quantified, owing to the fact that they focus on the comprehension, as well as explanation of various dynamic of significant social relations. Notably, this type of research can easily be created in three varied ways, and these include by use of open-ended interviews, written documents, or even direct observations (Patton, 2002). Based on this research, there was the application of interview, as well as observation methods. On this note, qualitative research methods, which include interviews and questionnaire, were carried out, with the aim of gathering relevant materials, useful in the production of a documentary film. Netnography research methods, was as well carried out online, in order to observe the manner in which people perceive same-sex relationships and families as they are portrayed in the UK television (Bowler, 2010; cited in Schreier, 2012). This is owing to the fact that many people are presently using online forums, blogs, virtual communities, internet, newsgroups, as well as social media, thereby, making these sources to be regarded as the most vital for this research (Jr. Bowler, 2010). Mostly, television advertisements are posted on social platforms such as YouTube, and as such, this research investigated various comments as posted under these videos, thus, aiming to apply significant netnography research methods (Patton, 1999).

3.3 Research goals/objectives

This research had the goal of producing a 5 to 8 minute social media video/documentary film, in an attempt to making it go viral social media, thus aiding in increased representation of same-sex relationships and parenting in the UK. In this regard, two objectives were observed. The first objective was to aid in the construction of same-sex parenting, thus representing it as a positive image, with no prejudice. The second objective was to produce a film, and also increase the representation of same-sex relationships and parenting on television in the UK.

3.4 Methods and techniques

Upon gathering all the required information by use of qualitative research method, the researcher accessed all the relevant materials, in order to start the production of a documentary film. In this regard, the techniques utilized were interviews, as well as filming techniques (Coelho, 2016). Considering the interviews, the researcher used close-ups, in order to come up with film laces, and medium close-up, in order to be able to film more people other than just one (Morrison et al., 2012). Essentially, the close-up technique was applied in trying to bring the audience closer to the presented characters, thus bringing forth emotions, and also aiding in keeping the audience closely connected with the film, just as Lacey (1998) argues. Long short were used in filming a group of individuals, and at the same time, extremely long shots were used in filming a landscape (Lacey, 1998). In the course of carrying out the interviews, the researcher used a lapel microphone, in order to prevent the background noise, owing to the fact that the film was not being recorded in a studio. Notably, the microphone aids in having a perfect sound quality. Moreover, a soundtrack was chosen and the primary aim was to evoke emotion, thereby, aiding in the creation of meanings for the documentary film (Lacey, 1998). The production techniques are as presented in the images below:

Editing

Cut-out was applied to the link scenes

Fade in was used in signifying when the film began

Some transitions were used in linking scenes (Lacey, 1998)

Directing

The researcher was the director of this film and as such, he made sure that the participants were able to comfortably answer the presented questions during the interviews, and also made sure that the camera, lights, as well as sound worked perfectly.

Resources

The director (researcher) had all the required equipment for the production and this includes video camera, lights, as well as microphone. The researcher was fully equipped with the knowledge of video editting software, essential for the production of the film (Morgan,2009).

Contingency plan

This research aimed at interviewing atleast ten individuals for the production of the documentary film. The initial plan was that if the researcher could not be able to interview the set number of people, he would use the gathered information on the questionnaire and the material collected on online platforms, as well as the social media, thus apply them to the film as voice-overs with relevant images, which can aid in illustrating it.

3.5 Participants

The participants for this study included experts and specialists (psychologists), non-LGBTQ families, as well as same-sex families (Morgan, 2009).

3.6 Characters

The main characters that were used in the documentary film were three families, whose consents were acquired before they took part in this study. They are as presented below:

3.7 Ethical considerations

This study put into considerations, all the ethical considerations. Firstly, the researcher purposed to go through all the approval processes with the relevant ethics committee. Secondly, the consent of the participants were approved before they were engaged in this study. This also included the consent for their images to be used on the video. Thirdly, any participant was allowed to withdraw his/her participation in the study at any given time and this implied that any information provided by such a participant was discarded (Morrison et al., 2012).

3.9 Location

Notably, the first interview was filmed at the participant’s house, which is located at Birmingham, in the UK. In this regard, the researcher travelled to his place with the required equipment, in order to carry out the interview. Moreover, all the other interviews with the remaining family and the specialist took place in London. This is as shown in the appendix section.

4.0 Findings and discussion

4.1 Introduction

This chapter brings forth the results/ findings and discussion of the study, based on the data that was collected from the interviews and the survey. Clear interpretation of each finding will be provided, and this will be backed up with significant information from the literature review. In this regard, this chapter will begin by providing the findings from the interviews, followed by the findings from the survey. This will be followed by detailed discussion as presented below:

4.2 Survey findings

This section provides the survey responses that were derived when the non-LGBTQ families, same-sex families, as well as the Experts and specialists (psychologists) were questioned about the idea of same-sex parenting and portrayal in the UK

1. Non-LGBTQ families

The non-LGBTQ families were asked whether they supported same-sex relationship and parenting, plus its portrayal in the UK television. 79 per cent of the participants were in support whereas the remaining 21 per cent of the participants were not in support. This is as presented below:

The non-LGBTQ families were also asked whether they thought TV portrayal of same-sex couples led to increased rate of homosexuality in the UK and based on their responses, 67 per cent of the respondents noted that increased rate of homosexuality in the UK is not due to its media portrayal. On the other hand, 23 per cent of the participants noted that TV portrayal of same-sex couples is what has led to the increased rate of homosexuality in the UK. This is as presented in the figure below:

The non-LGBTQ families were asked whether the portrayal of same-sex couples on TV influences religious teachings on homosexuality to the public. In this regard, 32 per cent of the participants noted that it does not influence the religeous teachings to the public, whereas the remaining 68 per cent of the participants noted that it does influence the teachings on homosexuality to the public. This is also as presented in the figure below:

Finally, the non-LGBTQ families were asked whether same-sex couples influence the sexual orientation of children. In this regard, 90 per cent of the participants declines whereas 10 per cent of them agreed.

2. Same-sex families

Same sex families were asked whether their representation on the media is done as a normal orientation and they noted the following. 71 per cent of the participants agreed to it, whereas the remaining 28 per cent of them declined. This is as presented below:

They were also asked whether they feel accepted in the society. Based on this question, 95 per cent of the participants acknowledged that the society accepts their presence, whereas 5 per cent of them still feel unaccepted.

The participants were asked whether their representation on TV is suffience. 80 per cent of the participants noted that it was indeed suffient, whereas 20 per cent of them noted that it was not sufficient and as such, much effort needed to be put to enhance suffient representation Finally, the participants were asked whether they felt that it is easy to raise children. In this regard, 97 per cent of the participants acknowledged that it was easy raising children, whereas just 3 per cent of the remaining participants noted that it was not an easy task raising children.

Experts and specialists (psychologists)

The psychologists concerned with same-sex relationships were asked whether media influences the perception of people on homosexuality. 60 per cent of the participants noted that indeed, media influenced people’s perception on homosexuality, whereas 40 per cent of them noted that it does not influence people’s perception on sexuality. The participants were also asked whether same-sex couples ought to be portrayed on TV. Based on this question, 90 per cent of the participants noted that it was a wise idea to portray same-sex couples on TV for them to feel accepted, whereas 10 per cent of them noted that it was not necessary. The participants were asked whether homosexuality is a mental disorder and based on this question, it is significant to note that all of the participants made it clear that it is not a disorder. Finally, the participants were asked whether same-sex couples could make good parents. Similar to the findings above, the participants noted that same-sex parents are just like any other parents and they can make good parents, so long as they provide love and care to their children.

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4.4 Discussion

Generally, based on the findings in this study, it is evident that not only has sexuality been regarded as a subject of either scientific or religious debates. This is owing to the fact that presently, there have been prejudices fighting against LGBTQ, which are being broken. For this reason, the significance of the discussion revolving around this themes, as well as representation of LGBTQs in the UK television is vital (Livesey, 2011). Representation is seen to be a complex term, as being seen and also being represented in the present world poses as a way of acquiring more right, as well as more equality in guaranteeing the dignity of specific minority groups. Arguably, one of the most crucial roles that media plays presently is giving space that enables visibility. In order to aid in constructing a new form of family like same-sex parents that raise children, it is significant that the media (TV) provides visibility to LGBTQ families in the UK in a form of TV series, show presenters, or documentary films. Of importance to note, is that this introduces an idea of diversity for some individuals that are not familiar homosexuals (NBC 2013). Same-sex couples can be significant shaped by the representations, as well as images that they see on TV shows, and other media outlets, especially for the individuals that are unfamiliar with the actual lives of the same-sex couples (Calzo and Ward 2009; cited in Gibson, and Ivory 2009). However, it is evidently posited that media representations of same-sex couples do affect the audience in certain ways. Notably, the influence of these kinds of representations is regarded to be more extreme, especially in audience members that have little or no interaction with same-sex couple individuals in their daily lives (Hart, 2004; cited in Holz Ivory et al. 2009). Of importance to also note is that fact that there are a few positive and also accurate representations of various media outlets, which necessitates for a critical and significant analysis of these kind of images, as well as the messages that are contained for the audience. A documentary presents a significant way of showing to people, a given aspect of reality or rather, actuality. By use of a documentary, a researcher is able to share significant knowledge with the audience, as they tend not to have boundaries, owing to the fact that humans continually discover, explore and also create. There are various forms of documentary and they entail varied techniques by which they were created for different experiences of the audience. Notably, documentaries make up a detailed part of the film industry and within them, there exists various sub-genres, as well as different styles. Bill Nichols has 6 different modes, which documentary explores and of importance to this study will be the expository mode. Essentially, Bill Nichols purposed to distinguish different documentary styles and thus, identified certain traits that are visible in different documentaries, which make them either conscious or simple, based on their way of telling the truth and sharing of significant knowledge (Livesey, 2011). The Expository Mode is simply a mode that is familiar to everyone. It is significantly utilized in nature, as well as TV documentaries. Notably, this kind of mode uses the ‘voice of God’ narration, in which case, the author provides a significant scripted commentary, in order to be able to accompany or even illustrate visuals. They are also known as essay films, owing to their primary aim of educating the audience, and also explaining significant subject. Notably, the mode is much seen in documentaries that David Attenborough narrate, where they assume a logical argument, and inform the audience of whatever they are seeing on the screens (Howarth, 2002). Expository documentaries are heavily researched based on facts and not emotion or even opinion. As such, it is clear that these kinds of documentaries cannot shape opinions, or even purge emotions. However, they may discuss controversial subjects, whilst their primary aim is informing objectively and also supplying evidence. An example of an expository mode of documentary is the Frozen Planet (2011) narrated by David Attenborough. This is as shown in the figure below:

5.0 Conclusion

Conclusively, television poses as one of the most powerful media in the present world as it impacts on its viewers’ knowledge, and entertainment that in turn reaches out to all social classes. Essentially, television is noted to be relevant in aid of transmitting information that educate individuals. It also poses as an excellent tool of communication that uses images to transmit information. One challenging subject that has been brought in debate today is about sexuality (Branston and Stafford, 2010). It has been surrounded with myths, taboos, as well as preconceptions. Moreover, considering the premise that TV mirrors whatever happens in the society, struggles that are experienced by both majority and minority groups are often reflected in TV programming. This research is primarily aimed at shifting the focus on the manner in which people perceive the advertisements that characterize same-sex couples, to the manner in which the ads have the ability of conveying intended messages regarding same-sex couples using specific discourse elements (Howarth, 2002). However much the merit, as well as usefulness of the examination of the reception of such kind of advertisements is not questionable, it is worth noting that this research does not major on pointing out the significance of the construction of the messages. This is also inclusive of the generation of characters as symbols, which did not exist in either the political or public arena. Notably, this is in reference of the emergence of same-sex families, which is an image that is not afforded much attention or even legitimacy. Over the years, there have been increased rate of inclusion of same-sex characters on TV in the UK, as well as increased visibility of these individuals on the media, which often translate to a successful step towards making a positive step towards acceptance. However, it is clear that political advertisements that are constructed often relate to the debate on the issue of the legality of same-sex marriages, thus indicating that there is much that needs to be learned and also comprehended regarding the lives of same-sex couples. The potential audiences that are reached by these kinds of advertisements vary, based on their levels of exposure on same-sex couples (Livesey, 2011). The limitations to this study are that first, it lacked cumulative analyses. Although there are various studies, which are presently in progress of analyzing the depictions of same-sex characters on TV, it is evident that the search through EBSCO databases, by use of key words such as LGBTQ and TV failed to yield relevant and significant studies, which purposed to analyze various characters collectively. Secondly, it is worth noting that this study had a limitation of analyzing LGBT families and failing to add significant statistics. Although record keeping is noted to get better steadily, it is evident that the data regarding LGBT families is lacking in numerous areas. Without the ability of properly gauging the LGBT sizes in communities in history, it is evident that it is difficult comparing past, and present situations. Overall, it is significant to take note of the fact that the issue of sexuality in the UK has not only posed as a subject of religious or scientific debates, as presently, the then prejudice against LGBTQ’s is continually being broken (Singh, 2017). For this reason, need is created for discussing the themes, as well as representation of the LGBTQs in the UK television. Essentially, representation is noted to be a complex word, in which case, being seen and to be represented in the present world is just a way of acquiring more rights, as well as equality in guaranteeing the dignity of various minority groups (Science Daily, 2017). In order to assist in constructing new kinds of families such as those in which same-sex parents are raising children, it is vital that the media (preferably television) provides visibility by airing documentary films, show presenters, of TV series. This introduces the idea of diversity and equality for the individuals that are nor familiar homosexuals.

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