Herbal Antimicrobials: Temperature Impact Study

Literature Review

Rising level of resistance of microbes and limited availability of new microbe destroying agents has been long acknowledged (Batista, Pascoal and Cássio, 2017, p. 1332). The prime challenge for the healthcare organizations is to produce a novel and effective way of treating the microbes especially within the developing countries, within an affordable price range. The need to produce suitable resistance to microbes within the developing countries arises from the fact that infectious diseases are one of the prime causes of death within the developing countries. Staphylococcus spp. are termed to be the causative agents for skin and respiratory infections along with the members of Enterobacteriaceae causing urogenital issues, gastrointestinal infections and wound contamination, resistant to all kinds of older antibiotics. Staphylococcus spp. is increasingly resistant to traditional antibiotics such as vancomycin, penicillin and so on. For assistance with healthcare dissertation help, students can seek guidance from experienced and trained professionals in this field.

The clinical isolation of Staphylococcus spp. is termed as one of the leading causes of hospital related infections, and is highly resistant to a series of antibiotics. As stated by Fu et al. (2016, p. 285), the development of antimicrobial resistance by the bacterial species arises from a series of factors that includes poor use of antibiotics and enhanced trans-boundary passage related to antibiotic resistant bacteria. The problem pertaining to antibiotic resistance among animals and humans is likely to continue for a long time. Against this serious backdrop, it is important to develop alternative sources of drugs to treat bacterial infections at an immediate stage. As influenced by Walker et al. (2018, p. 885), plants are seen to have amazing ability to produce a series of secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The mentioned biomolecules act as a source of plant driven anti-microbial substances. In similar regards, it can be additionally stated few natural products show high level of efficacy in treating relevant bacterial infections

Few developing countries such as India and South Africa comprise a varied range of plant species of bioactive constituents. The limited access to the contemporary modes of healthcare; coupled with Western form of medicine in rural areas, making the traditional plant derivatives as a form of medication to treat humans and animals. However, Mooshammer et al. (2017, p. e1602781), pointed out the fact, even in the presence of modern modes of medication, a large percent of the population is seen to depend on herbal medication along with the conventional form of medication. The research study in the current scenario works on understanding the impact of temperature on a series of herbal plants and their antimicrobial properties.

Impact of medicinal herbs’s efficiency due to temperature

It becomes evident to state that the plant derivatives are composed of proteins that are likely to break down while being subjected to high rates of temperature. The conventional technique related to hot air drying changes the structural units of aloe vera. In similar regards, it is important to understand the fact, an increase in the ratio of water holding capacity takes place with an increase in air drying temperature, impling reduction in the level of ability to cope with the functional gap of the herb. As reported by Nottingham et al. (2018, p. 2455), temperature is seen to have a clear impact on the polysaccharide reduction content due to the events of degradation and solubilisation. The needed maximum force was greater for the air-drying samples. In similar regards, a dry-dehydrated aloe vera cell presents irregular cellular structure with shrinkage and degradation of the cell wall contours at high temperature, leading to limited efficacy. Hackenberger et al. (2018, p.480), stated the fact that temperature is seen to have a non-significant impact on the purity of aloe vera gel. However, the increase in temperature is seen to increase the value related to optical density due to degradation of specific enzymes within the aloe vera plant. The degradation of enzymes is termed as one of the major reasons that may lead to poor performance of the medicinal plants.

Traditional healers are seen to pursue that medicinal plants are not as active, and plants collected from nature that are going under environmental stress. The mentioned perception has a whole implication for the conservation of popular medicinal plants. Min et al. (2019, p. 1793), what is stress on medicinal plants created limited effect upon the antimicrobial activity extracted from the medicinal plants. Similar research was carried out under the temperature regions and to determine if the stress related to temperature could influence the antimicrobial activity choosing medicinal plants. The results showed the fact that high level of temperature a large percentage of plant cellulose being soluble with limited impact on the antimicrobial function (Congreves, 2017). The results are inconsistent with the water stress experiment; the antimicrobial properties of the plants were not subjected to change. Medicinal plants are used as global remedy for treating cardiovascular respiratory disease. Plants are often seen to synthesize a diverse catalogue of biologically active compounds that is important for them to function properly in between the biotic stresses due to temperature.

Effect of temperature on the biomass of the leaf

The temperature is seen to have a significant impact on the biomass of the leaves in the chosen medicinal plants. The increase in temperature above 35 °C leads to reduction in photosynthetic effects of the medicinal plants. On the other hand, high temperature can lead to statistical increase in the dry leaf biomass indicating the presence of heat related stress (Changey et al. 2018, p. 113). The biomass of the leaf is seen to play an evident role in the antimicrobial activities of the plants as the derivative is mainly derived from the leaves of the medicinal plants.

Impact of temperature on leaf area and stomatal conductance

Research based study provides an idea regarding the area of the leaf of medicinal plants. Heat stress is known to limit the growth of the plants including the surface area of the leaf, thus reducing the rate of transpiration. Reduction in the area of the leaf under temperature may impact the metabolic activities of the plants. Medicinal plants are used as a global remedy for treating cardiovascular respiratory disease (Borges et al. 2017, p. 259). Plants are often seen to synthesise a diverse catalogue of biologically active compounds that is important for them to function properly in between the biotic stresses due to temperature. Clinical microbiologists have two reasons to exhibit interest in topics related to antimicrobial qualities of medicinal plants. First it is likely that phytochemicals will find there into the series of antimicrobial medicines prescribed by the physicians. Reports suggest that on an average, a couple of antibiotics are derived from the microorganisms launched annually. After a study downfall in the recent year’s scientists realize the fact that antibiotics derived from the microorganisms have limited life span. New sources especially the sources derived from the plants are investigated from the same reason due to high shelf life (Wang, Li and Bi, 2018, p. 18).

Secondly the general public is extremely well informed and aware of the potential dangers related to the overuse of traditional antibiotics. Moreover, people are investing that time and knowledge to gain autonomy over their personal medical care (Xu et al. 2017, p. 96). Does a series of plant extracts and other related herbal alternatives are greatly available over the counter from the suppliers and natural food stores making self-medication a common practice. The implementation of plant extract is enjoying immense popularity these days as more and more people are seen to make use of the alternative mode of herbal medication making the current research a need.

Impact of temperature on antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants

Recent studies have shown that medicinal plants retain their medicinal properties despite being subjected to high temperature. In recent research while understanding the impact of temperature on the antibiotic microbial properties of medicinal herbs cinnamon and garlic it was found that the medicinal herbs retain their original antimicrobial characteristics. The results deferred in case of ginger which lost its antimicrobial properties while being subjected to high rates of temperature. It is important to understand the temperature may have different effects on different kinds of medicinal plants.

Rising degree of obstruction of microorganisms and restricted availability of new organism annihilating specialists has been for some time recognized. The prime test for the medicinal services associations is to create a novel and viable method for treating the organisms, particularly inside the creating nations, inside a moderate value extent (Ueno and Sawaya, 2019, p. 91). The need to create reasonable protection from microorganisms inside the creating nations emerges from the way that irresistible maladies are one of the prime reasons for death inside the creating nations. Staphylococcus spp. are named to be the causative operators for skin and respiratory diseases alongside the individuals from Enterobacteriaceae causing urogenital issues, gastrointestinal diseases and wound sullying, impervious to a wide range of more seasoned anti-infection agents. Staphylococcus spp. is progressively impervious to customary anti-infection agents, for example, vancomycin, and penicillin.

The clinical segregation of Staphylococcus spp. is named as one of the main sources of medical clinic related contaminations, and is profoundly impervious to a progression of antimicrobials. As expressed by Bonnet (2019), the improvement of antimicrobial opposition by the bacterial species emerges from a progression of elements that incorporates poor utilization of anti-infection agents and upgraded transboundary sections identified with anti-infection safe microbes. The issue relating to anti-toxin opposition among creatures and people is probably going to proceed for quite a while. Against this genuine scenery, it is essential to create elective wellsprings of medications to treat bacterial contaminations at a prompt stage. As impacted by da Silva et al. (2019), plants are believed to have an astounding capacity to create a progression of auxiliary metabolites, for example, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The referenced biomolecules go about as a wellspring of plant driven enemies of microbial substances. In comparable respects, it very well may be also expressed scarcely any characteristic items show significant level of adequacy in treating pertinent bacterial diseases

Barely any developing nations, for example, India and South Africa involve a change in the scope of plant types of bioactive constituents. The restricted access to the contemporary methods of social insurance; and Western type of medication in provincial territories, makes the customary plant subsidiaries as a type of medicine to treat people and creatures. Be that as it may, Mohiuddin (2019), called attention to the reality, even within the sight of present day methods of drug, a huge percent of the populace supposedly depends on natural prescription alongside the traditional type of medicine. The exploration concentrate in the present situation takes a shot at understanding the effect of temperature on a progression of home grown plants and their antimicrobial properties.

The research is primarily based on experimental studies taking into consideration the various medicinal plants. The research in the mentioned context thus makes use of a population of medicinal plants that are further treated under bio stressors for estimating the level of productivity. The research proceeds with the perspective of post-positivism as research philosophy. The research is based on the perspective that heat creates negligible impact on the anti-microbial properties of the chosen medicinal plants (Díaz-Reviriego et al. 2016). The research additionally makes use of experimental studies to understand the properties of medicinal plants. The inclusive criterion in the mentioned study remains the condition that the plants need to have proven medicinal values.

Sources of change in temperature due to storage

The in-vitro biological activity of the plants needs to be assessed in order to understand the impact of temperature during the course of storage. As stated by Nyang’au et al. (20169, p.2), 19 medicinal plants from Nepal were assessed after being stored for 6 years under a series of bio-stressors, under optimum conditions. The methanol extracts from the plants were examined for the possible activities against bacterial strains. The extracts were tested both under the exposure to UV light and without it for identifying the act of photo activity and temperature sensitivity of the plants. Out of the 19 plants being tested three plants lost all forms of activity, while six plants successfully retained their activities and ten plants had partial activities (Bautista et al. 2019, p. 505). Thus, it can be conclusively stated it is important to understand that like light, temperature may have significant impact on the antimicrobial activities of the plants

Previous studies systematically examined the link between temperature related to incubation and MBC and MIC. Pérez-Nicolás et al. (2017, p. 209), explored MBC and MIC at 37 C affecting the cell wall related biosynthesis. Gupta et al. (2018, p. 181), examined the susceptibility of medicinal plants with psychological range within a stipulated range of temperature. Numerous changes within the cell structure of the medicinal plants were observed in response to change in temperature. In case of other medicinal plants temperature is seen to play an important role. Citing the case of garlic, it can be seen, development and endurance of two yeast and four form strains within the sight of watery garlic separates treated with five distinctive warming conditions were looked at, and the outcomes are appeared a fascinating perception. It was seen that steaming in the wake of pounding could keep antifungal movement against the yeast and form strains more than steaming before pulverizing (Gupta et al. 2017, p. 43). Remarkable compositional highlights of garlic are its low dampness content, high substance of fructans and basic free amino acids, and low substance of lipids and other oil-solvent mixes. Garlic is likewise one of the most noteworthy selenium-containing nourishments on a for each gram premise. Be that as it may, its most remarkable element is its high substance of organosulfur mixes, 99.5% of which comprise of sulfur amino corrosive cysteine, despite the fact that free cysteine itself is missing (Bouyahya et al. 2018, p. 23). The sulfur substance of garlic is multiple times more prominent than that of other high sulfur-containing vegetables and organic products, for example, onions, broccoli, cauliflower, and apricots. Almost all (95%) of the sulfur in unblemished garlic cloves is in two classes of mixes in equivalent bounty (Oyedeji, 2018)

As showed through series of information, the allicin creation catalyzed by alliinase in the garlic tests is temperature-dependant. The higher the temperatures at which garlic tests were immediate warmed before being squashed, the less the antimicrobial action they had (Uzundumlu et al. 2019, p. 5654). As warming temperatures expanded, the garlic tests progressively lost garlic scent, demonstrating continuously less creation of thiosulfinates from cysteine sulfoxides because of warmth inactivation of the compound or steady loss of those items because of their unpredictability after warming. With respect to the steam-warmed garlic tests, ones squashed before steaming held higher antimicrobial movement than those squashed in the wake of steaming (Phumthum, Balslevand Barfod, 2019, p. 1125). Actually, our information showed that the garlic tests lost for all intents and purposes the entirety of their antimicrobial action after steaming before pounding; in any case, they held a portion of the action when steamed in the wake of smashing (de Sousa et al. 2016). This could be because of the way that a portion of the antimicrobial response items were created and held when steamed subsequent to smashing, yet a similar antimicrobial response items were lost when steamed before squashing. This infers alliinase can be heat inactivated and cannot change over alliin into allicin, particularly at above 80o C, since it is denatured by warming. All things considered, along these lines, alliinase is by all accounts the most basic ratedeterminant to deliver antimicrobial movement, when garlic is heat-treated (Zhang et al. 2016, p. 361).

Phytochemicals have high potential as other activities of antimicrobials because of their immediate antimicrobial activity or their conceivable synergistic connections with antimicrobials, which can function as enhancers of microorganism’s defenselessness to anti-infection agents (Cardoso et al. 2019, p. 124). The enthusiasm toward plant materials as wellspring of new antimicrobials has especially expanded as of late considering a rising test of anti-toxin obstruction. Right now this marvel is considered as perhaps the biggest issue confronting humankind. It is notable that the utilization of plants in conventional medication has begun from antiquated occasions and proceeds till now. Besides, in many created and creating nations the utilization of plants in medication has been expanding as of late. In ongoing decades screening programs have been executed in different locales of the world expecting to discover plants having high antimicrobial movement as a potential wellspring of new helpful mixes. One of the basic elements to focus during handling of plant materials is the steadiness of phytochemicals. This is because of probability of losing their bioactivity (Netshiluvhi and Eloff, 2019, p. 93).

For instance, heat treatment of plant materials (counting sanitization and purification) can prompt disintegration of dynamic phytochemicals in plant materials (Kumar and Krishna, 2019). Subsequently, it is imperative to keep their action during preparing. There are various strategies for preparing of plant materials which incorporates different temperature ranges. So as to pick proper strategies, consideration ought to be given to affectability of plant dynamic mixes to warm treatment (Torres et al. 2016). The point of this examination was the examination of impact of the warmth treatment on the antimicrobial movement of rough concentrates from some Armenian herbs, which have high antimicrobial action as indicated by previously directed research. Cultivation of the medicinal plants in response to the change of temperature above 35 degrees Celsius showed result in the composition of cell wall and cell membrane (Albuquerque et al. 2020, p. 14). Composition within the cell wall causes parallel change in the susceptibility of the bacteria. Change in temperature within the mentioned physiological effect on the ribosomal activity of some medicinal plants. The aspect of temperature is related to the plants with the natural surroundings. Temperature is the abiotic component suggesting that respiration of the soil microbes increases the temperature exponentially, ultimately influencing cellular activities of the medicinal plants (Nagaveni et al. 2018, p. 110).

Literature gap

The area of medicinal plants acts as a vast area of research. The gap in the current research remains in the limited series of medicinal plants chosen. In similar regards, the aspect of temperature is only evaluated in the current research. The factor related to abiotic components need to be measured till a greater extent for understanding the efficacy of the same on the medicinal plants.

METHODS

The research project in the mentioned scenario, plans on testing the anti-microbial properties of the following plants: Aloe Vera, Peppermint, Cedrus Atlantica (African cedar), Silver Sicillan( Tradescantia zebrine) and Rhododendron plants. The microbes on which the properties are to be tested belong from three different strains, E. coli, Staph epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis. The fresh leaves from the plants will be placed on the water bath at different temperatures (250 C, 500C and 700C). Then the leaves are allowed to try with the help of an incubator (Sirotkin et al. 2017, p. 1264). The process of maceration is used to powder the dried leaves for preparing the needed solvent extract. Once the solvent extract is prepared, it is spread over the surface of the agar plate. Thus, after inoculation of the agar plates the disc with extract of the medicinal plants will be placed on the top of the agar plates and the plates will be incubated at 300C for 8 hours. The sensitivity of the bacterial strains is determined by looking at the zones related to inhibitions

Plant collection

The sample from the African cedar was collected from the University campus. The mint and aloe Vera leaves were collected from Tesco supermarket in Dundee. Silver Sicilla was sourced from the University’s science department.

Fresh leaves in water bath

The leaves were weighed and a 10 gram leaf from each plant was placed in a beaker filled with water and placed in a water bath at 250C. Similar process was repeated at different temperatures at 50, 70 0C. The leaves were left within the water bath for a period of 2 hours and placed in containers with labels and kept in incubators at 950C for 8 hours

Methanolic Plant extraction

Similar method was implemented by Souza et al. (2017) for carrying out the suitable plant related experiments. 250mg of powered sample of leaf was weighed and added to a centrifugal tube containing 15ml of polypropylene. In addition to that 5ml of methanol was added. The extracts were subjected to centrifuged tube at 550C for half an hour and the necessary steps were carried out before the samples are prepared for experiment

Preparing and sterilization nutrient agar

A balance was implemented to weigh the needed amount of nutrient agar of 2.8g. 100cm of distilled water was measured and poured within the nutrient with a gentle shake to avoid air bubbles. The autoclave was checked for the traces of water and the needed materials were inserted. The process of autoclaving commences to an end and the samples are placed in a water bath at 55 0c. The agar was poured into the Petri dish and incubated for a period of 48 hours

Paper disc

The paper disc is made with black 2-hole Punch 80mm from filter paper. The discs were then carefully placed within the test tubes and placed within the autoclave for the process of sterilization

Research method

The research makes use of post-positivism as the chosen method with a perception that temperature is seen to have evident impact on the anti-microbial properties of the medicinal plants. Previous research conducted on similar domain stated the fact that temperature lead to malfunction within the cell organelles reducing the functionality of the cell (Fletcher, 2017, p. 181). Similar studies related to garlic showed that the anti-microbial component of garlic was subdued due to increase in the level of temperature. Thus, it can be stated that similar results can be obtained through the current research intervention

Research approach

The approach in the chosen research is primarily deductive in nature. As stated by Share et al. (2018, p. 574), the deductive approach of research works in understanding the exact and the extent of impact of temperature on the chosen medicinal plants. The research is possibly based on the predisposed hypothesis that varying range of temperature can influence the metabolic activities of the medicinal plants. Hence, on the basis of deductive approach, the research in the mentioned context is based on the approach that temperature is seen to have impact on the cellular activities of the chosen medicinal plants (Xu et al. 2017, p. 96)

Limitations

The limitation in the mentioned study can be termed as the prime limitation in time and resources. There remains no doubt that there exists a wide variety of medicinal plants However, the dearth of resources and accessibility that makes it impossible for the research to commence. However, it becomes important to understand the fact that there remains limited research in similar field making it difficult for the researcher to conduct a varied range of literature review studies (Wang, Li and Bi, 2018, p. 18).

Conclusion

The mentioned chapter provides a clear idea about the systematic intervention that needs to be undertaken for research to commence. The systematic and timely intervention is much needed as it can work on providing right direction to the research. In similar vein, it becomes a to conclude that the process of incubation and sterilization needs to be done within a stipulated time. Hence, it can be concluded it is important to understand the chapter can provide a better understanding about the research.

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