Global Migration and Economic Transformation

Introduction

Wahba (2015) has opined that international migration through wilful choice has assumed a considerable vastness as an academic topic for the scholars. This has consecutively contributed to the abundant and ever increasing literature being published on this specific socio-economic dynamism of the globalised world. Wang, De Graaff and Nijkamp (2016) have observed that the increasing diversity and fluidity of the voluntary migration are marked by the central dynamism of global economic transformation where interdependence of economic development between multiple nations has prompted the migratory movement of populaces from the relatively underdeveloped sections of their national habitat, such as the countryside, towards the urban centres of economic opportunities. Thus, the increased potency of various global issues such as human rights management, poverty alleviation and regional as well as nation specific economic development, has been linked inextricably with that of the differential reasoning which underscore the migration patterns and subsequent urbanisation of global society development. To this effect, the corresponding research undertaking would be instrumental in the formulation of empirically observed deliberations on the academic evaluation of multiplicity of aspects which outline the causalities and implications of global migration patterns from the countryside towards urbanised centres of economic development. The commencement of the research study would be structured through multiplicity of demonstrative points which would highlight the research objectives, aim and the research questions on the basis of which the research process would perform the data collection and analysis procedures. Furthermore, the background, research problem and rationale of the study would be also outlined in this chapter so that the structured progression of the entire research undertaking could be effectively conveyed to the readers. Apart from these, the introductory chapter would furnish brief outlines of the entire research study framework along with the clarifications regarding the research hypotheses which would be utilised to authenticate the research outcomes in the most accurate manner.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Preface

Dong (2010) have outlined that the problems of transnationalism and irregularities in the human capital based production mechanisms arising out of the imbalances of demographic transitional structures due to increased urban habitat expansion to accommodate the population transfer to such places from the rural hinterlands of different countries, have gained new significance in the current socio-economic scenario. In the process of representing the internal dynamics of the socio-cultural transformations which are augured in through increased measures of multimodal migration within the national regions of different countries, Stark and Fan (2011) have attempted to contextualise the ethnographic and historical values which have directed the development of such socio-economic patterns of human populace transfer over definite periods of time.

Research Background

De Haas (2010) has determined that both national and international migration influences the socio-economic conditions of millions of people throughout the entire globe consistently. The focal point of the decisions of migrating involves ruptures in the lives of the people involving both the migrants and non-migrants and such ruptures are generally the outcomes of upheavals within the socio-economic structures through which such communities of personnel are sustained. The focus is always on the accumulation of essential resources for sustaining livelihood through realisation of better qualitative opportunities of living for the migrant rural population. However, such migration, as has been argued by Abreu (2012), has been the source of consistent strains on the economic sustainability and growth prospects of the urban destinations of such migration patterns which have further influenced the individual, media based and policy directed responses to such migration propensities and the associated effects. The significance of the responses could be contemplated from the perspectives of the rhetoric which is framed to depict the implications of such increment in the rural to urban destination migration counts globally. Furthermore, Kalir (2013) has acclaimed that the notions of home and hearth, belonging and identity are integral to the efforts of the migrants to access better financial opportunities and greater qualitative living. On the other hand, the research of De Haas (2012) has brought forward the increased concerns on part of various international organisations as well as national governments concerning the control process of national, regional and international migration patterns which could be alternatively interpreted, depending upon the prevalent resource management mechanisms in existence at the urban destinations of the rural migrants. Some of such variables in policy interpretations could be considered as increased measures of valuable remittances gained from the influx of such migratory populaces at the urban destinations or as expanding complications concerning the management of resources through which such migrated populaces could be enabled to meet their expected measures of livelihood quality improvement.

The Research Problem

So far, value has been attributed to the socio-functional connections which have influenced the various positions of civic facilities development centres, in the form of urban spaces where such facilities are available and, where the interests of the migratory residents could be concentrated in the form of resources and facilities of livelihood sustenance. However, the impact of such developments on long term socio-economic as well as demographic cohesion of particular regions has not been delved into with much clarity.

Research Rationale

What is the issue

According to Kunz, Lavenex and Panizzon (2011), migration researchers have consecutively discussed the various challenges and discrepancies associated with the observed patterns and the outcomes to draw attention to the increment of shared social spaces and economic contexts which have defined the purpose of the migrants in terms of differences of magnitudes of such migration propensities as well as the nature of relocation. To this effect, according to Faist and Fauser (2011), various typologies have been established to distinguish and then define the purpose of migration from a politico-financial perspective. These include the labour based migrants, professional migrants, migrants undertaking relocation on the basis of their retirement benefits and conditions, political asylum seeking personnel and refugees, forced migration affected personnel and return migrants. Apart from these, Brettell and Hollifield (2013) have enumerated that researchers have also concluded four different patterns of migration which could characterise the representation of the underscoring rationale of such migration. These patterns are recognised as indeterminate, virtual, return and fluid forms of migration which could exemplify the nature of migratory propensities and the implications of economic impetus which could initiate such processes.

Why is it an issue

Observations highlighted by Brettell (2013) has outlined that research on migration has involved multiplicity of academic and practical application based disciplines such as Anthropology, Sociology, Demographic studies, Economic Geography, Politics, International relations and History as well as cultural studies of multiple interactive dimensions such as performing arts. This broadened spectrum has been further assessed to be constituted by particularities such as geographical areas, security based issues, historical trends, implications of globalisations, economic development, migration basis such as social exclusion and citizenship rights, cosmopolitanism as well as division of labour and class consciousness amongst the working classes. Some other particulars have been highlighted by Williams and Baláž (2014) as demographic assimilation, social identity formulation networks, legal complications and ethnicity based mainstream and subsurface trends. Thus, economic migration of the rural populations has been considered to be one of the current sub-disciplines of the differential treatments which are accorded to the socio-economic and globalisation based developmental perspectives.

Why is it an issue now

The relevance of the issue of voluntary migration for economic purposes by the rural populace from the countryside towards the major cities globally has been defined by King (2012) to be the outcome of modernity and first three all of the industrial revolutions which originated in the Western world, primarily influenced by the phenomenon of Globalisation. Extensive measure of authentic and empirical knowledge is required for the purpose analysis of the impact of such phenomena on the overall dynamics of voluntary migration from the countryside to the cities. The relevance of the selected topic could further be acknowledged from the perspective that with the culmination of the Cold War during the early 1990s, the symbolic and physical barriers in trans-border movements have become increasingly translucent and these have contributed to the acceleration of the steady, global integration of the erstwhile divergent national economies. This context has been focused on by Kurekova (2011) for the purpose of evaluating the ranges of different social process which could be applicable to the procedure of assessment of economic facilities obtainment based general migratory trends in rural populaces of different countries. To this effect, the significance and relevance of the particular selected topic has been brought into focus by Castles (2011) to be the attempt to properly identify the mainstream approaches which could be employed by scholars and researchers such as geographers, sociologists and anthropologists as well as economists to develop better understanding of the phenomena of wilful migration.

How does the research enumerate the topic under consideration

The research would be attempting to properly explain, at the individual and micro levels, the rationale and impetus, primarily of economic nature, involving factors which could be understood to be the shapers of the economic structural cohesion of any socio-political scenario, of the economic discrepancies in development prospects at the urban and rural regions globally. The additional orientation of this research process would be to develop proper comprehension of the entire measure of rational choices by human beings which formulate the possibility of migration at the macroeconomic level. Furthermore, this research could effectively assess the global power relationships which have been so far propounded by the experts of neo-economic liberalism who combine economic conditional explanations with those of sociological theories through which social processes, such as the roles and responsibilities of social networks, cultures and families of migrants, could be utilised in the process of understanding migration. Fundamentally, this research topic is orientated towards the development of academic and empirical knowledge pertaining to the process of understanding the fundamental desire of human beings to obtain better economic sustainability through habitat relocation or migration.

Research aim

The aim of this research would be to formulate better and verifiable understanding concerning that wilful migration of people from the rural countryside to the large urban cities is primarily influenced by the economic exigencies which exist in the current economic scenario where betterment of quality of living acts as the prime impetus for such migration towards urban spaces for the majority of the populaces which undertake such journeys.

Research Objectives

To identify the extent of the economic factors responsible for the differential patterns of migration from the rural areas to the urban centres of economy.

To assess the influence of such identified economic factors on the conditions of livelihoods of such migrants at the culmination of their migration process.

To evaluate the impact of the nature of migration on the overall economic and social relationship of the migrants to their newly found destinations such as their preferred urban living spaces.

To recommend specific measures through which future research towards the direction development of greater in-depth knowledge and comprehension involving the topic under consideration.

Research Questions

What is the extent of the economic factors responsible for the differential patterns of migration from the rural areas to the urban centres of economy?

What is the influence of such identified economic factors on the conditions of livelihoods of such migrants at the culmination of their migration process?

What is the impact of the nature of migration on the overall economic and social relationship of the migrants to their newly found destinations such as their preferred urban living spaces?

Research significance

The significance of this research could be understood to be an academic effort to bring together the effective key principle studies and theoretical constructs so as to develop a substantive academic basis on which converging perspectives regarding the rationale of rural migration towards the urban centres of economy could be formulated.

Research Hypotheses

Ho: People who migrated from the countryside to the big cities were looking for better quality of life.

H1: People who migrated from the countryside to the big cities were not looking for better quality of life.

Research Methodology

The research methodology section involves the detailing of the methods through which the data would be collected and analysed by the Researcher. The utilisation of effective methodology could assist the Researcher to resolve the identified research problems of the study.

Research Paradigm Outline

The basis of the framing of the research methodology is provided by the research process outline. The Researcher has selected the research method of Positivism, the research approach of Deductivism and the Descriptive research design. The Primary Quantitative data collection and analysis method has been utilised by the Researcher to assess the necessity of qualitative livelihood obtainment on the Polish and Romanian migrants who move from the rural regions to the large cities. The Researcher would be utilising both the multivariate and descriptive analytical methods of the collected data from the selected research sample of research participants drawn from a definite number of Polish and Romanian internal migrants.

Furthermore, the Deductive research approach has been selected by the Researcher since effective theoretical knowledge could be deduced from the existing data structures by the Researcher through the application of this approach. The formal set of research objectives and aim could be better utilised through the Descriptive research design in the formulation of the research project in the most structured format so that the Researcher could execute an effective analytical process to develop the relevant linkages in between the research objectives and the data analysis outcomes. In terms of making the most accurate logical interpretations involving the data analysis processes, the Researcher could be assisted through utilisation of the Positivism research philosophy to formulate logical interpretations of the collected research data. Furthermore, the conclusive critical reviews of the data outcomes could be effectively developed by the Researcher on the basis of the Positivist Research philosophy.

Research sampling method

The sampling method would involve targeted collection of information from Institutul Naţional de Statistică (INSSE) of Romania and the Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) involving the population data regarding the respective 2011 censuses. Emphasis would be provided on the ethnicity, current residential destinations, relocation history and residential districts 5 years prior to the data of census of 2011, places of birth and language factor. In case of Poland, the data encompassed the currently existing 16 voivodeships and 380 powiats with 66 urban centres of major economic activity. In case of the Romanian data, the internal population migration statistics were derived involving the 8 existing administrative divisions encompassing 12957 rural habitats, 41 counties and 217 municipalities. Next, the Cluster sampling method has been applied by the Researcher involving the individual administrative districts of both of the countries to assign the identified population groups to specific clusters based on the factors of age, education, employment status, existing occupation (if any) and motivations behind migration.

Summary

The preceding introductory chapter of the selected research process has been instrumental to outline the various points through which the necessity, significance, relevance and background of the research undertaking have been established. Concerning the elaboration of these stated points, it could be observed, that, the next chapter involving the review of available literature would be formulated on the basis of the stated aim, objectives and hypotheses of the research undertaking which have been developed in the preceding chapter.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

As per the research of Papastergiadis (2018), it is always necessary to outline the sociologically informed theories through which the recursive manner of proceedings of human socio-economic perspectives could be properly outlined. This is significant since such theories could effectively put into perspective the substantiation of the assumptions based on inquiry into the national and international migration patterns from rural areas into large metropolises/economic centres of progression. Light, Bhachu and Karageorgis (2017) have observed this process as an informed method of inquiry into the patterns of socio-economic relationship transformation through which the recognition of coherence of differential explanations could be obtained in respect to the earlier stated research hypotheses. Furthermore, Constant, Nottmeyer and Zimmermann (2013) have been of the opinion that the implementation of the structuration concepts at the substantive levels involving the decisions and preferences of personnel who could have immigrated to cities from their rural habitats could as well assist in the process of determining the extent and nature of such preferences in favour of migration to new destinations.

Theoretical perspectives

To this effect, the research of Allan and McElhinny (2017) have drawn upon the perspectives forwarded by the Structuration Theory of Anthony Giddens, the Theory of Practice by Pierre Bourdieu, the analytical approaches applied by AnnMische and Mustafa Emirbayer involving the components of social agency of communities concerning their abilities to formulate particular decisions, the researches performed on the Structuration Theory by EwaMorawska and studies related to communities based situated learning performed by Etienne Wenger and Jean Lave. The substantiation from all of these theoretical constructs has been utilised to determine the constitutions of social existences of human communities. Delgado Wise and Veltmeyer (2016) have further elaborated on this in the manner that such theoretical constructs and previously performed researches have signified all of the aspects, dimensions and elements which constitute the instances of the most complicated human conduct since these involve the most extensive measures of collective behaviour. According to Henderson (2014), particular significance could be attached to the consequences which ensue from such collective conducts involving establishment and maintenance of complex socio-economic relations. Arango (2017) has opined that the most significant impetus to migration involve the malleability of the economic structures prevalent in particular social conditions. Three factors are of prominence under such theoretical constructs. These are the possibilities which could be accessed by the rural migrants at the intended urban destinations, the consequences which could be associated with not undertaking such migration and with different actions and finally, the sufficiency of relative distances from both of such actions in terms of reflective assessment capabilities of such migrants prior to deciding upon any definitive course of action. According to Mueller (2013), in the particulars associated with the Structuration Theory of Giddens, additional points of significances could be understood to be knowledge and critical awareness amongst the various circles of social communities who could be subjected to varying degrees of exigencies pertaining to economic sustainability or living standards improvement necessities. From the research perspectives of Brettell and Hollifield (2013), the primary influence of voluntary internal and external migration within the existing national and socio-economic structures of various regions of the world is emanated from external events such as the dissolution of the Berlin Wall and reunification of both segments of Germany during the late 1980s as well as the previously stated cessation of the Cold War. According to Zhang (2018) , the approach involving the controlling elements of the push and pull strategies is also considered significant since these have been observed to influence the decision of migration without having any influence on the choice of the targeted destination for economic migrants. This has been exemplified through perspectives that some individuals could have effective access to plenty of immovable properties at their places of origins or may have relatives or acquaintances with whom they could wish to reside. Such factors also influence the propensity to move towards the urban habitats for rural migrants.

Marxist perspectives

Fine (2013) has observed that Communism, by definition, expounds the politico-economic structure where the concentration of the means of production remains at the possession of the Socialist State. The purpose is to restructure the entire control mechanism on the process of gross production within the existing economic configuration. Dunn (2011) has drawn attention to the fact that the communist government emphasises on mass mobilisation of the population and industrialisation processes in terms of improvement of productive capacity to achieve the objective of establishment of equality amongst the populace to ultimately formulate a classless society. The emphasis is on the creation of employment throughout the country and this has the adverse effect of limiting the choices of consumers regarding goods and services. The economic political philosophy of Communism was founded by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx through the publication of "The Communist Manifesto" in 1848. The objective of this politico-philosophical theory was to abolish the exploitation of the working classes since Communism is based on the principles of Historical Materialism and Dialectical Materialism which emphasise on the development of social history on the basis of economic class conflict between the ruling and the working classes. The embodiment of exploitation of workers is perceived by the Capitalist economic structure which requires to abolished through the fundamental process of class conflict which culminates in revolutionary struggle to establish a socialist egalitarian society where the Proletariat (the working classes) could control the means of production against the Bourgeoisie (the erstwhile ruling classes). The division of labour could be fundamentally altered in favour of a socialist society where quality of living could be standardised by the Communist State authorities through complete dissolution of private property ownership and through establishment of joint social ownership of such property (Barnes, 2012). This was exemplified through slogan of everyone had to give as per their abilities and the Communist State would provide for everyone according to their necessities. Thus, the element of rural migration towards the urban centres could be fundamentally influenced since the Communists strove to combine the agricultural sectors with the manufacturing industrial disciplines to gradually abolish the distinction between urban economic centres and rural regions through the most equitable distribution of the respective national populaces throughout the countries where Communist governments, such as erstwhile Poland and Romania, had come to power.

Practical examples of application of the Marxist political economy at Romania

According to Cartwright (2017), through the process of rural systematisation through collectivisation, the Romanian authorities under the leadership of Ceausescu, attempted to modernise the rural economic conditions on the basis of the centralised economic structures through the promulgation of the “Law no. 58/1974 on territorial systematization measures” (1974). This involved an entire social engineering project of the Romanian society to bring in a marked transformation of customs, practices, thinking and occupational behaviours. Village classification was undertaken through significant analytical studies and development proposals of such village based economies had been constituted on the basis of such classification involving the points of economic, demographic social points of view regarding the primary tertiary and secondary sectors. Emphasis was concentrated on the construction of a developmental framework to meet the new requirements involving the new society under development on the principles of socialism. It was reformation of the rural settlement undertaking with introduction of high levels of infrastructure and comfort facilities. Classification of the villages was undertaken involving the categories of villages meant to become settlements with opportunities of development and settlements devoid of developmental opportunities. The determination parameters involved demographic factors, natural resource availability estimates, existing and potential of infrastructure development and geographic as well as socioeconomic factors. The long term objectives involved the slackening of growth of urban regions, reduction in the numbers of villages, industrial efficiency management, improvement of agricultural output through mechanisation so that greater labour assets could be made available for the Romanian industrial sectors. These efforts had highlighted the economic policies of Communism involving the extension of instruments of productions which are owned by the State so that cultivations of the waste-lands could be extended through application of a common plan of soil improvement. The ultimate objective had been the equal liability of work for all.

Structural elements of the factors influencing migration

According to Waltert and Schläpfer (2010) it is all the more significant to avoid any form of determinism prior to arriving at any comparative measure of conditions to which any social actor (individuals experiencing the necessities and choices related to that of migration for availing better standards of quality of livelihoods at the cities) could be subjected to. Tacoli, McGranahan and Satterthwaite (2015) have specified that it could also be necessitated to take into cognisance external influence structures, mostly associated with globalised conditions of economic progress and development, are sustained or managed through daily practices within the collective social units of migrant populaces. These practices and units are associated with the networks of the social actors/individuals who primarily operate on the basis of differential material and non-material resources they could have. Such resources are identifiable as opportunities of economic progression (mostly lateral in nature), power structures, social norms which have bearings upon the economic conditionality of the rural or suburban urban populaces, the particular natures of the habitats of migrants and the various modes of constraints which bar them from obtaining better quality of livelihoods at their places of origin.

Migration systems and networks theory

Bunea (2012) has determined that such theoretical construct has been developed on the basis of sociological contexts with the arguments that migration patterns are required to be analysed in the greater context of the differentials of regional and country specific conditions. Furthermore, Wang, De Graaff and Nijkamp (2016) have emphasised on the role of the families and close social acquaintances of the migrants in terms of the assistance or resistance provided to the migrants prior to their decision of relocation. Such roles further extend into the maintaining of the ethnic linkages of the migrants with their communities and into the process of settling at new destinations after the journey could come to a conclusion.

Segmented Assimilation Theory

Ianos (2016) has drawn attention to this theoretical construct so as to suggest the variations in the processes of assimilation of different groups of economic immigrants. This theory is of the suggestion that diverging groups of immigrants generally undertake effective assimilation into the different segments of society at various points of time. This perception has been emphasised on by Bunea (2011) from the perspective that unequal and stratified societies tend to provide different opportunities to different groups of migrants/immigrants. This could be understood to be the rationale underscoring the particular socioeconomic status which could be accorded to different migrant groups which prefer different segments as per their suitability. According to Lutz and Palenga-Möllenbeck (2011), the formulation of segmented assimilation is primarily established on the basis of the experiences associated with the second generation of economic immigrants. The theoretical construct is mostly constituted on multiple differential models of assimilation. The first one has been outlined by Kaczmarczyk (2012) to be the classical methods of assimilation through which migrants could arrive at their urban destinations and then could be slowly assimilated with the urban middle classes and this process further facilitates the adjustment process of such personnel at their new habitats. The other one could be understood as the model of evaluation of the direct and indirect implications of globalisation. These models are utilised for the purpose of understanding the settlement patterns of economic migrants with particular emphasis on the issues related to social and economic integration procedures which have to be undergone by such migrants at their new destinations.

Determinants of choices of migration destinations

According to Anacka and Fihel (2016), the available literature involving migration based on economic choices has been suggestive of the notion that differences in the infrastructure and income pattern suitability, which could be corrected for the differentials on existing price structures, generally impact a dominant impact on the choices available to immigrants regarding settlement to particular regions. Constant, Nottmeyer and Zimmermann (2013) have elaborated on such observations concerning the development of an empirical strategy which could focus on the choices of migration destinations of urban places involving the conditionality of economic imperatives on the decision formulation patterns of such immigrants. Brettell and Hollifield (2013) have observed this process to be an econometric analytical approach which seeks to determine the most significant factors which could influence the migration destination choices. This has outlined the comprehension that subjective welfare costs incurred while having to live in economically isolated rural hinterlands by the migrants are mostly high enough to prompt the initiation of migration patterns towards the destinations of urban settlements. The elements of state control on the density of population at various regions and the average distance to the essential amenities of life are the most significant factors which influence economic and quality living standards based migration patterns towards urban centres. The associated rationale with such observations could be understood to be the concern of the immigrants regarding their long time welfare relative to the conditions which could exist at their birth districts and to the conditions which they could come to experience at their urban destinations as well.

Summary

The previous chapter has involved detailed review of the available research literature involving the topic under consideration. The emphasis has been concentrated on the detailing of Migration Systems and Networks Theory and the Segmented Assimilation Theory so as to determine the perceived, understood and practical social structures which influence the perceptions of the economic migrants. Furthermore, the phenomenological study of migration as a definite phenomenon which could be observed from the perspective of hermeneutic interpretation involving the multiplicity of actions undertaken by social actors and the outcomes (migration to urban destinations). As a research discipline, the previous chapter has provided a critical comprehensive mechanism for the purpose of treating the research problem efficiently.

CHAPTER 3: OBSERVATIONS

Introduction

This chapter would be cognisant about the social impacts of observed migration practices. Specific emphasis would be concentrated on the factors which could highlight the long term and structural implications of the various patterns of migration on the general social architecture of various regions.

Observations

Wang, De Graaff and Nijkamp (2016) have determined that the initial impact could be delineated on the family structures of the transnational migrants. This could be better explained as increasing migration patterns of women towards various regions or countries, which have contributed to the children being left to the care of family members including father, grandmother and others. This incurrence of absence of mothers has repeatedly spawned challenges for their families in properly raring children up since the traditional practice of shouldering the burdens of caring for the children as well as for the elderly has been associated with women specifically, the emergent new structures of sharing of such familial burdens are required to be contextualised in the transformative practice of caring for the entire families such as the associated challenges of properly educating and caring for the children when marriages could be dissolved. This has always required development of comprehensive policy based approaches at the community levels. Waltert and Schläpfer (2010) have pointed out that raising of awareness and measures of targeted family supports would be required at the local authority levels so as to develop proper information bases through which single parents, alone elderly personnel and homeless children could be identified. The points of emphasis have been the negative effects of out-migration and the general impact of migration related conditions on the children and young adults. Papastergiadis (2018) has specified that the age factor become significant while the management of migration related impacts could be undertaken. Child migrants could appear to be greater vulnerable regarding such migration propensities and get affected much more in a comparative measure to that of the young migrants. In addition to the negative impacts of reduced measures of social supports and heightened levels of stress, almost non-existent control over the movement related decisions, reduction in contact with the close friends after the migration could be undertaken and the overpowering stress element regarding the adaptation related complications at the new destinations including the new school environments and new acquaintance further complicate the social existence for children and the cumulative effects of these could lead towards increased trends in school dropouts. According to Constant, Nottmeyer and Zimmermann (2013), on the other hand, the young adult migrants could be in abject dearth of social support, parental support or attention from family members since they have to often move without the watchfulness of parents. This complicates their natural social development which could contribute substantially in the emergence of deviant behaviours such as substance abuse in the form of narcotics addiction in young adults.

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The research of Tacoli, McGranahan and Satterthwaite (2015) have brought forth that the prevalence of illicit substance utilisation and hazardous material consumption as well as divorce rates amongst the young adults and within single parents in the observed communities. These formulate the possible risk factors involving the migration status of internal immigrants. This has culminated in the hypothesis of the apparently higher rates of substance abuse and harmful material consumption amongst the urban migrants since these could have greater levels of stress and absence of proper social support. In terms of analytical observations, the primary challenges have been to address the migration endogeneity rates and 2 different estimations strategies have been applied in this context. The possible selection of the migrants as well as their acquaintances has been undertaken concerning the emotional and physical status of such personnel. Positive selection was also undertaken concerning the aspect of emotional wellbeing since this is an important determinant regarding the physical health conditions of observed personnel and the parents of healthy migrant children have been considered for this reason to be comparatively healthier compared to the parents of non-healthy migrant children. This selectivity had to be accounted for so as not to understate the negative implications of internal and external migration on the emotional health of both parents and their offspring. Individual heterogeneity based time invariant sources were discarded through utilisation of the fixed effect approach under which the Researcher applied the individual differences in emotional and physical conditions over time so as to identify properly how the alterations in conditions of the children could be measured sequentially while the migration decision could be implemented. This observation was then compared to that of the data derived from the young adults over definitive periods of time so as to substantiate the overarching social effects on the emotional and physical health of both the young and the elderly. The primary identification strategy also involved short run change evaluation regarding the migration status and the parental emotional wellbeing measures for young adults and children. This has brought forth the phenomena of pronounced depressive symptoms within the children since the severe feelings of loneliness, emotional abandonment by the children due to the prolonged absence of the mothers and resultant unhappiness by both the children as well as their local guardians. Such emotional outcomes are consistently worsened by the increased probabilities of clinical depression amongst such children. However, the study has also brought forth indication, though unsubstantiated, that return migration could mitigate, to some extent, these adverse effects on the psychological and social wellbeing of both the children and the elderly.

Conclusion

The preceding research process had been one definitive academic step towards the clarifications of certain concepts which have emerged with time regarding the determination of the exactitudes of migration patterns from the rural hinterland towards the urban centres of economic progress. Such eclectic academic objectives had been further categorised into particular research objectives which have reflected the attempt to evaluate the polarising effects of economic obligations for rural migrants which prompted them to undertake relocation to urban centres. Furthermore, the research focus has been also concentrated on the issue of determining the effects of increased migration patterns, either voluntary or prompted through converging political, industrial, economic and social conditions, on that of the pertinent interplay between the concepts of globalisation and the transformative economic cultures which have emerged out of the implications of globalised interdependency of economic progress. The initial chapter has categorised the intorductory segment, the research background, the observed research problem, the associated research rationale and the research aim as well as objectives in this context. The research significance, hypotheses and the research methodical paradigm have been also outlined in this chapter. Furthermore, the literature review segment has brought into focus the differential theoretical perspectives through which the entire review of the available literature has been performed from the academic perspectives. This has involved Marxist perspectives as well as practical examples of utilisation of such political perspectives in terms of economic migration related trends at Romania. Furthermore, the structural elemetns which had been influencing the migration patterns have been also explored and the utilisation of migration systems and network theoretical consturcts has been undertaken. Finally, the determination of migration destinations has been performed through segmented assimilation approaches. The research observations chapter has assessed the differential conditions of social impacts on the close acquaintances of immigrants such as their children and the associated young adults concerning the outcomes of the varying patterns of migration. Particular emphasis has been concentrated on the factors such as the emotional deprivation of children, the problems of adjustment at newly migrated destinations and the propensities of immigrant children to suffer from additional stress and anxiety due to the absence of familial social support and guidance mechanisms. This chapter has argued that the direct outcomes of these propensities could be understood as emergence of harmful practices such as substance abuse, increased discontinuation of formal education and others.

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